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CAR T Cell Therapy: Biological Foundations, Clinical Applications, and Emerging State
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Elham Shamsedini1    , Mahtab Nezhadravari1 , Ali Amooei1 , Mohammadmatin Zahedi1 , Merat Mahmoodi2 , Reza Nosratabadi3 , Farnaz Sedghy4 |
1- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2- Student Research Committee, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran & Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran & Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
4- Student Research Committee, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran & Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran , fsedghy@gmail.com |
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Abstract: (9 Views) |
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has emerged as a major advance in immunotherapy, with remarkable efficacy in hematologic malignancies. However, translating this success to solid tumors has been associated with several challenges, including antigen heterogeneity, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, insufficient T-cell infiltration, and systemic toxicities. In addition, the complex and costly manufacturing process of CAR-T cells remains another major barrier to the broader implementation of this approach. This review summarizes CAR structure and generation, key steps in CAR-T cell manufacturing, target antigens, biological and engineering challenges, emerging strategies to overcome current limitations, toxicity management, and approved CAR-T–based products. Overall, this review highlights the principal barriers to CAR-T implementation and outlines strategies that may improve its safety, efficacy, and translational potential, particularly in solid tumors.
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| Keywords: CAR-T, solid tumors, target antigen, genetic engineering, tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy |
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Type of Study: Review |
Subject:
Immunology
Received: 2026/06/15 | Accepted: 2026/10/10
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