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A brief review of immune system changes in the tumor environment of breast cancers
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Masoumeh Mohammadi1    , Alireza Jalali |
| 1- , mgm8362@gmail.com |
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Abstract: (31 Views) |
Background and Aim: Tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment can modulate each other's function through complex cellular and molecular interactions, including the exchange of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and shift the balance between the antitumor immune response and the immunosuppressive environment in favor of tumor progression. This review aimed to investigate how the immune system influences the progression, malignancy, and clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: The approach used to collect and compile information included reviewing research on breast cancer immunology, using relevant keywords in the SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases up to 2026.
Results: Interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems play an important role in the antitumor immune response. A diverse range of immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mast cells, and lymphocytes, are found in the breast tumor microenvironment, and the balance between their antitumor effects and tumor-promoting actions may influence cancer prognosis and prognosis.
Conclusion: Overall, the reviewed evidence suggests that in breast cancer, especially in aggressive subtypes such as TNBC, the interaction between tumor cells and components of the immune microenvironment can lead to the dominance of suppressive populations such as Tregs, MDSCs, and TAMs, leading to impaired antitumor response, disease progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. In contrast, enrichment of the tumor microenvironment with effective antitumor cells is associated with more favorable clinical outcomes and better response to some immunotherapies. Therefore, the cellular and functional properties of the microenvironment, together with the molecular characteristics of the tumor, may be important in determining the clinical behavior and therapeutic response of breast cancer.
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| Keywords: Breast cancer, Metastasis, Immune cells, Cytokine, Chemokine. |
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Type of Study: Review |
Subject:
Molecular Medicine and Genetics
Received: 2025/05/24 | Accepted: 2026/09/21
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