1. Moghimi N, Davatchi F, Rahimi E, Saidi A, Rashadmanesh N, Moghimi S, et al. WHO-ILAR COPCORD study (stage 1, urban study) in Sanandaj, Iran. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(3):535-43. [ DOI:10.1007/s10067-013-2430-0] [ PMID] 2. Kim JE, Marmor MF. Update on Screening Recommendations for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(7):849. [ DOI:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.1252] [ PMID] 3. 3Liu XW, Zha QL, He YT. [Comparative study on characteristics of Chinese and Western medicine for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis regarding cartilage erosion related blood biochemical and immunological factors]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2007;27(12):1090-3. 4. Navarro-Sarabia F, Ruiz-Montesinos D, Hernandez B, Navarro-Compan V, Marsal S, Barcelo M, et al. DAS-28-based EULAR response and HAQ improvement in rheumatoid arthritis patients switching between TNF antagonists. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:91. [ DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-10-91] [ PMID] [ ] 5. Ruiz RS, Saatci OA. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: how to follow affected patients. Ann Ophthalmol. 1991;23(8):290-1. 6. Greenstein VC, Amaro-Quireza L, Abraham ES, Ramachandran R, Tsang SH, Hood DC. A comparison of structural and functional changes in patients screened for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol. 2015;130(1):13-23. [ DOI:10.1007/s10633-014-9474-6] [ PMID] [ ] 7. Turgut B, Turkcuoglu P, Serdar Koca S, Aydemir O. Detection of the regression on hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in optical coherence tomography. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28(5):607-9. [ DOI:10.1007/s10067-009-1108-0] [ PMID] 8. Garrity ST, Jung JY, Zambrowski O, Pichi F, Su D, Arya M, et al. Early hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: optical coherence tomography abnormalities preceding Humphrey visual field defects. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019. [ DOI:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313350] [ PMID] 9. Coyle JT. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(2):243-4. [ DOI:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00400-0] [ PMID] 10. Yusuf IH, Sharma S, Luqmani R, Downes SM. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2017;31(6):828-45. [ DOI:10.1038/eye.2016.298] [ PMID] [ ] 11. Jorge A, Ung C, Young LH, Melles RB, Choi HK. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy - implications of research advances for rheumatology care. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(12):693-703. [ DOI:10.1038/s41584-018-0111-8] [ PMID] 12. Geamanu Panca A, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Marinescu B, Geamanu CD, Voinea LM. Retinal toxicity associated with chronic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its ocular screening. Review. J Med Life. 2014;7(3):322-6. 13. Kobak S, Deveci H. Retinopathy due to antimalarial drugs in patients with connective tissue diseases: are they so innocent? A single center retrospective study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2010;13(3):e11-5. [ DOI:10.1111/j.1756-185X.2010.01478.x] [ PMID] 14. Yen CY, Lee PH, Yen JC, Chen CC, Hu HY, Tseng PC. Current screening practice in patients under long-term hydroxychloroquine medication in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(14):e15122. [ DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000015122] [ PMID] [ ] 15. Martin-Iglesias D, Artaraz J, Fonollosa A, Ugarte A, Arteagabeitia A, Ruiz-Irastorza G. Evolution of retinal changes measured by optical coherence tomography in the assessment of hydroxychloroquine ocular safety in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2019;28(4):555-9. [ DOI:10.1177/0961203319829826] [ PMID] 16. Mavrikakis I, Sfikakis PP, Mavrikakis E, Rougas K, Nikolaou A, Kostopoulos C, et al. The incidence of irreversible retinal toxicity in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: a reappraisal. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(7):1321-6. [ DOI:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00409-3] [ PMID] 17. Giocanti-Auregan A, Couturier A, Girmens JF, Le Mer Y, Massamba N, Barreau E, et al. [Variability of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy among various ethnicities]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2018;41(4):363-7. [ DOI:10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.014] [ PMID] 18. Thorne JE, Maguire AM. Retinopathy after long term, standard doses of hydroxychloroquine. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(10):1201-2. [ DOI:10.1136/bjo.83.10.1194h] [ PMID] [ ] 19. Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF, American Academy of O. Recommendations on Screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2016 Revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386-94. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058] [ PMID] 20. Asensio-Sanchez VM. [SD-OCT As screening test for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: The < > sign]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2015;90(7):338-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.oftale.2015.07.004] [PMID] 21. Wolfe F, Marmor MF. Rates and predictors of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(6):775-84. [ DOI:10.1002/acr.20133] [ PMID] 22. Browning DJ, Lee C. Relative sensitivity and specificity of 10-2 visual fields, multifocal electroretinography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in detecting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:1389-99. [ DOI:10.2147/OPTH.S66527] [ PMID] [ ] 23. Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386-94. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058] [ PMID] 24. Eo DR, Lee MG, Ham DI, Kang SW, Lee J, Cha HS, et al. Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy in Korean Patients with Rheumatologic Diseases. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(3):522-7. [ DOI:10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.522] [ PMID] [ ] 25. Palma Sánchez D RVE, Soro Marín S, Reyes García R. Retinal toxicity due to antimalarials: frequency and risk factors. Reumatol Clin 2013;Sep-Oct;9(5):259-62. [ DOI:10.1016/j.reumae.2012.10.007] 26. Gianfrancesco MA, Schmajuk G, Haserodt S, Trupin L, Izadi Z, Jafri K, et al. Hydroxychloroquine dosing in immune-mediated diseases: implications for patient safety. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(10):1611-8. [ DOI:10.1007/s00296-017-3782-6] [ PMID] [ ] 27. Payne JF, Hubbard GB, 3rd, Aaberg TM, Sr., Yan J. Clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(2):245-50. [ DOI:10.1136/bjo.2009.172148] [ PMID] 28. Ahn SJ, Lee BR. Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: Drug Cessation versus Drug Continuation. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(3):277. [ DOI:10.1016/j.oret.2018.11.012] [ PMID] 29. Tsang AC, Ahmadi Pirshahid S, Virgili G, Gottlieb CC, Hamilton J, Coupland SG. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy: a systematic review evaluating the multifocal electroretinogram as a screening test. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(6):1239-51 e4. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.02.011] [ PMID] 30. Rezabakhsh A, Montazersaheb S, Nabat E, Hassanpour M, Montaseri A, Malekinejad H, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on oxidative/nitrosative status and angiogenesis in endothelial cells under high glucose condition. Bioimpacts. 2017;7(4):219-26. [ DOI:10.15171/bi.2017.26] [ PMID] [ ] 31. Chen TH, Lai TY, Wang YH, Chiou JY, Hung YM, Wei JC. Hydroxychloroquine was associated with reduced risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus in patients with Sjogren syndrome. QJM. 2019. [ DOI:10.1093/qjmed/hcz112] [ PMID] 32. Moghimi N, Davatchi F, Rahimi E, Saidi A, Rashadmanesh N, Moghimi S, et al. WHO-ILAR COPCORD study (stage 1, urban study) in Sanandaj, Iran. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(3):535-43. [ DOI:10.1007/s10067-013-2430-0] [ PMID] 33. Kim JE, Marmor MF. Update on Screening Recommendations for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(7):849. [ DOI:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.1252] [ PMID] 34. 3Liu XW, Zha QL, He YT. [Comparative study on characteristics of Chinese and Western medicine for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis regarding cartilage erosion related blood biochemical and immunological factors]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2007;27(12):1090-3. 35. Navarro-Sarabia F, Ruiz-Montesinos D, Hernandez B, Navarro-Compan V, Marsal S, Barcelo M, et al. DAS-28-based EULAR response and HAQ improvement in rheumatoid arthritis patients switching between TNF antagonists. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:91. [ DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-10-91] [ PMID] [ ] 36. Ruiz RS, Saatci OA. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: how to follow affected patients. Ann Ophthalmol. 1991;23(8):290-1. 37. Greenstein VC, Amaro-Quireza L, Abraham ES, Ramachandran R, Tsang SH, Hood DC. A comparison of structural and functional changes in patients screened for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol. 2015;130(1):13-23. [ DOI:10.1007/s10633-014-9474-6] [ PMID] [ ] 38. Turgut B, Turkcuoglu P, Serdar Koca S, Aydemir O. Detection of the regression on hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in optical coherence tomography. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28(5):607-9. [ DOI:10.1007/s10067-009-1108-0] [ PMID] 39. Garrity ST, Jung JY, Zambrowski O, Pichi F, Su D, Arya M, et al. Early hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: optical coherence tomography abnormalities preceding Humphrey visual field defects. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019. [ DOI:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313350] [ PMID] 40. Coyle JT. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(2):243-4. [ DOI:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00400-0] [ PMID] 41. Yusuf IH, Sharma S, Luqmani R, Downes SM. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2017;31(6):828-45. [ DOI:10.1038/eye.2016.298] [ PMID] [ ] 42. Jorge A, Ung C, Young LH, Melles RB, Choi HK. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy - implications of research advances for rheumatology care. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(12):693-703. [ DOI:10.1038/s41584-018-0111-8] [ PMID] 43. Geamanu Panca A, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Marinescu B, Geamanu CD, Voinea LM. Retinal toxicity associated with chronic exposure to hydroxychloroquine and its ocular screening. Review. J Med Life. 2014;7(3):322-6. 44. Kobak S, Deveci H. Retinopathy due to antimalarial drugs in patients with connective tissue diseases: are they so innocent? A single center retrospective study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2010;13(3):e11-5. [ DOI:10.1111/j.1756-185X.2010.01478.x] [ PMID] 45. Yen CY, Lee PH, Yen JC, Chen CC, Hu HY, Tseng PC. Current screening practice in patients under long-term hydroxychloroquine medication in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(14):e15122. [ DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000015122] [ PMID] [ ] 46. Martin-Iglesias D, Artaraz J, Fonollosa A, Ugarte A, Arteagabeitia A, Ruiz-Irastorza G. Evolution of retinal changes measured by optical coherence tomography in the assessment of hydroxychloroquine ocular safety in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2019;28(4):555-9. [ DOI:10.1177/0961203319829826] [ PMID] 47. Mavrikakis I, Sfikakis PP, Mavrikakis E, Rougas K, Nikolaou A, Kostopoulos C, et al. The incidence of irreversible retinal toxicity in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: a reappraisal. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(7):1321-6. [ DOI:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00409-3] [ PMID] 48. Giocanti-Auregan A, Couturier A, Girmens JF, Le Mer Y, Massamba N, Barreau E, et al. [Variability of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy among various ethnicities]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2018;41(4):363-7. [ DOI:10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.014] [ PMID] 49. Thorne JE, Maguire AM. Retinopathy after long term, standard doses of hydroxychloroquine. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(10):1201-2. [ DOI:10.1136/bjo.83.10.1194h] [ PMID] [ ] 50. Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF, American Academy of O. Recommendations on Screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2016 Revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386-94. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058] [ PMID] 51. Asensio-Sanchez VM. [SD-OCT As screening test for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: The < > sign]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2015;90(7):338-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.oftale.2015.07.004] [PMID] 52. Wolfe F, Marmor MF. Rates and predictors of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(6):775-84. [ DOI:10.1002/acr.20133] [ PMID] 53. Browning DJ, Lee C. Relative sensitivity and specificity of 10-2 visual fields, multifocal electroretinography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in detecting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:1389-99. [ DOI:10.2147/OPTH.S66527] [ PMID] [ ] 54. Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386-94. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058] [ PMID] 55. Eo DR, Lee MG, Ham DI, Kang SW, Lee J, Cha HS, et al. Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy in Korean Patients with Rheumatologic Diseases. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(3):522-7. [ DOI:10.3346/jkms.2017.32.3.522] [ PMID] [ ] 56. Palma Sánchez D RVE, Soro Marín S, Reyes García R. Retinal toxicity due to antimalarials: frequency and risk factors. Reumatol Clin 2013;Sep-Oct;9(5):259-62. [ DOI:10.1016/j.reumae.2012.10.007] 57. Gianfrancesco MA, Schmajuk G, Haserodt S, Trupin L, Izadi Z, Jafri K, et al. Hydroxychloroquine dosing in immune-mediated diseases: implications for patient safety. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(10):1611-8. [ DOI:10.1007/s00296-017-3782-6] [ PMID] [ ] 58. Payne JF, Hubbard GB, 3rd, Aaberg TM, Sr., Yan J. Clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(2):245-50. [ DOI:10.1136/bjo.2009.172148] [ PMID] 59. Ahn SJ, Lee BR. Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: Drug Cessation versus Drug Continuation. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(3):277. [ DOI:10.1016/j.oret.2018.11.012] [ PMID] 60. Tsang AC, Ahmadi Pirshahid S, Virgili G, Gottlieb CC, Hamilton J, Coupland SG. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy: a systematic review evaluating the multifocal electroretinogram as a screening test. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(6):1239-51 e4. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.02.011] [ PMID] 61. Rezabakhsh A, Montazersaheb S, Nabat E, Hassanpour M, Montaseri A, Malekinejad H, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on oxidative/nitrosative status and angiogenesis in endothelial cells under high glucose condition. Bioimpacts. 2017;7(4):219-26. [ DOI:10.15171/bi.2017.26] [ PMID] [ ] 62. Chen TH, Lai TY, Wang YH, Chiou JY, Hung YM, Wei JC. Hydroxychloroquine was associated with reduced risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus in patients with Sjogren syndrome. QJM. 2019. [ DOI:10.1093/qjmed/hcz112] [ PMID]
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