1. Mărginean C, Mărginean CO, Bănescu C, Meliţ L, Tripon F, Iancu M. Impact of demographic, genetic, and bioimpedance factors on gestational weight gain and birth weight in a Romanian population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e4098. [DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000004098]

2. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Low birth weight policy brief. WHO 2014: 1–8.

3. Momeni M, Esfandyarpour R, Danaei M. The neglected sociobehavioral risk factors of low birth weight. Soc Determ Heal 2016; 1: 97–103.

4. Unicef. Undernourishment in the womb can lead to diminished potential and predisposes infants to early death. New York: United Nations Children's Fund; 2014. Available from: http://data.unicef.org/nutrition/low-birthweight.

5. Momeni M, Danaei M, Kermani AJN, Bakhshandeh M, Foroodnia S, Mahmoudabadi Z, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of low birth weight in the Southeast of Iran. Int J Prev Med 2017; 8: 12. [DOI:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_112_16]

6. Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF. Infant mortality statistics from the 2004 period linked birth/infant death data set. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2007; 55: 1-32.

7. Barker DJP. The developmental origins of chronic adult disease. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 26–33. [DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00236.x]

8. Morrison KM, Ramsingh L, Gunn E, Streiner D, Van Lieshout R, Boyle M, et al. Cardiometabolic health in adults born premature with extremely low birth weight. Pediatrics 2016; 138: e20160515. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2016-0515]

9. Stein LJ, Cowart BJ, Beauchamp GK. Salty taste acceptance by infants and young children is related to birth weight: longitudinal analysis of infants within the normal birth weight range. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 272. [DOI:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602312]

10. Abel KM, Wicks S, Susser ES, Dalman C, Pedersen MG, Mortensen PB, et al. Birth weight, schizophrenia, and adult mental disorder: is risk confined to the smallest babies?. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 923–30. [DOI:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.100]

11. Slemming W, Bello B, Saloojee H, Richter L. Maternal risk exposure during pregnancy and infant birth weight. Early Hum Dev 2016; 99: 31–6. [DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.03.012]

12. Asefa F, Nemomsa D. Gestational weight gain and its associated factors in Harari Regional State: Institution based cross-sectional study, Eastern Ethiopia. Reprod Health 2016; 13: 101. [DOI:10.1186/s12978-016-0225-x]

13. Robinson O, Martínez D, Aurrekoetxea JJ, Estarlich M, Somoano AF, Í-iguez C, et al. The association between passive and active tobacco smoke exposure and child weight status among Spanish children. Obesity 2016; 24: 1767–77. [DOI:10.1002/oby.21558]

14. Płotka J, Narkowicz S, Polkowska Ż, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J. Effects of addictive substances during pregnancy and infancy and their analysis in biological materials. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 227: 55-77. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_2]

15. Kramer MS. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 1987; 65: 663.

16. Kheirouri S, Alizadeh M. Impact of Prenatal Maternal Factors and Birth Order on the Anthropometric Status of Newborns in Iran. J Biosoc Sci 2017; 49: 251–64. [DOI:10.1017/S0021932016000353]

17. Mohammad K, Kassab M, Gamble J, Creedy DK, Foster J. Factors associated with birth weight inequalities in Jordan. Int Nurs Rev 2014; 61: 435–40. [DOI:10.1111/inr.12120]

18. Tootoonchi P. Low birth weight among newborn infants at Tehran hospitals. Iran J Pediatr 2007; 17: 186–92. [In Persian]

19. Canto MJ, Reus A, Cortés S, Ojeda F. Pregnancy outcome in a Spanish population of women beyond age 40 delivered above 32 weeks' gestation. J Matern Neonatal Med 2012; 25: 461–6. [DOI:10.3109/14767058.2011.629246]

20. Fukuda S, Tanaka Y, Harada K, Saruwatari A, Kitaoka K, Odani K, et al. High Maternal Age and Low Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index Correlate with Lower Birth Weight of Male Infants. Tohoku J Exp Med 2017; 241: 117–23. [DOI:10.1620/tjem.241.117]

21. Pereira PP da S, Da Mata FAF, Figueiredo ACG, de Andrade KRC, Pereira MG. Maternal active smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight in the americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19: 497–505. [DOI:10.1093/ntr/ntw228]

22. Dharashivkar S, Wasser L, Baumgartner RN, King JC, Winters SJ. Obesity, maternal smoking and SHBG in neonates. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8: 1–7. [DOI:10.1186/s13098-016-0158-0]

23. Chen ZY, Yao Y. A synergistic negative effect of gestational smoke-exposure and small litter size on rat placental efficiency, vascularisation and angiogenic factors mRNA expression. PLoS One 2017; 12: 1–11. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0181348]

24. Haugen M, Brantsæter AL, Winkvist A, Lissner L, Alexander J, Oftedal B, et al. Associations of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with pregnancy outcome and postpartum weight retention: a prospective observational cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 201. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2393-14-201]

25. Mcdonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S, Lutsiv O, Lee T. High Gestational Weight Gain and the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011; 33: 1223-33. [DOI:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)35107-6]

26. Shah PS. Paternal factors and low birthweight, preterm, and small for gestational age births: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 103–23. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.026]

27. Abel EL, Kruger M, Burd L. Effects of Maternal and Paternal Age on Caucasian and Native American Preterm Births and Birth Weights. Amer J Perinatol 2002;19:49–54. [DOI:10.1055/s-2002-20173]

28. Ramasamy R, Chiba K, Butler P, Lamb DJ. Male biological clock: a critical analysis of advanced paternal age. Fertil Steril 2015;103:1402–6. [DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.011]

29. Pinzón-Rondón ÁM, Gutiérrez-Pinzon V, Madri-an-Navia H, Amin J, Aguilera-Otalvaro P, Hoyos-Martínez A. Low birth weight and prenatal care in Colombia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15: 118. [DOI:10.1186/s12884-015-0541-0]

30. Dai LL, Mao YY, Luo XM, Shen YP. Prenatal care in combination with maternal educational level has a synergetic effect on the risk of neonatal low birth weight: New findings in a retrospective cohort study in Kunshan City, China. PLoS One 2014; 9: 1–13. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0113377]