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ABSTRACT Background and Aim: General anesthesia is required to perform ECT. The hypnotic drug used for induction of anesthesia in ECT may affect the duration of seizure and recovery from anesthesia and also homodynamic change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of remifentanil to propofol for induction of anesthesia in ECT on seizure duration, homodynamic change and recovery from anesthesia. Material and Methods: Twenty ASA 1 and 2 patients scheduled for ECT underwent induction of anesthesia for two times randomly with remifentanil-propofol (study group) or saline-propofol (control group). ECT induced via bilateral electrodes and after injection of 0.5 Mg atropine, 50 Microgram remifentanil (study group) or 3 ML saline and 1Mg propofol, 0.5 Mg/Kg succinylcoline (control group). Then the patients were oxygenated with 100% oxygen via face mask. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were measured before induction of anesthesia and 1, 5 and 10 minutes after termination of seizure. Duration of seizure, time of opening of the eyes on command after anesthesia and time for sitting and walking 10 meters without help were also measured and recorded. Data were introduced into SPSS soft ware and analyzed by means of T test and ANOVA. P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Systolic and diastolic pressures as well as heart rate increased after induction of seizure in both methods but this increase was significantly higher in control group. Duration of seizure was the same in two groups. The time for opening of the eyes on command and sitting without help after termination of seizure were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Our study shows addition of remifentanil to propofol for induction of anesthesia in ECT has no effect on duration of seizure and recovery from anesthesia but modifies the homodynamic response to ECT. Key word: Propofol, Remifentanil, ECT, Seizure.

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ABSTRACT Background and aim: This study was conducted to compare the differences of contamination rates between operating room boots in sterile and semi-sterile parts of the operating room and the necessity of replacing boots in the distance between these parts in Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj city. Material and Methods: The study sample included all boots used in the operating room of Tohid Hospital. Sampling method was census. Sample cultures were taken from the boots at the end of four consecutive days. A total of 160 samples were obtained from sterile and 160 samples from the semi-sterile parts. The culture media were examined after 24 hour and colonies grown on them were counted. Independent t-test and chi square test were used for data analysis. Results: 73.7% of the boots in the sterile and 74.9% of boots in the semi-sterile parts were contaminated. The mean number of colonies grown in sterile and semi sterile parts were 22543.97 (SD 41865.67) and 29494.36 (SD 45614.32) respectively which showed no significant differences (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the severity of contamination between the two parts (p<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the high contamination rate of the boots in both sterile and semi sterile parts, washing style and/or the detergents solution used for washing lack considerable disinfectant efficacy which should be replaced properly. There were not significant differences between the mean numbers of the colonies grown in the two parts. The severity of contamination between the two parts showed a significant difference, therefore it can be concluded that replacing boots in the distance between the two parts has no effect on prevention of spreading contamination in the environment. Key word: Infection, Infection control, Operating rooms, Boot. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: December 20, 2009 Accepted: December 5, 2009

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ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Nurses must be able to recognize and manage emotions and feelings of themselves and clients also, they must have good empathic and communication skills. These capabilities are part of the constituent elements of emotional intelligence. The aim of this study was to determine the level of emotional intelligence, its components and its correlation with some demographic variables in nurses working in the hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2010. Material and Methods: This descriptive study included 344 nurses. Bar-On questionnaire was used to collect required information. Data were analyzed by use of SPSS-18 software. Results: 86.6% of the subjects were female and 13.4% were male. The majority of nurses (77.8%) had a good level of emotional intelligence. Of the five components of emotional intelligence, interpersonal component with a mean value and SD of 77.2% ± 12.5% had the highest score. Among the 15 factors related to emotional intelligence, social responsibility, empathy and interpersonal skills with mean values and SD score of 82.16%±14.14, 76.84%±13.74%, and 73.59%±15.64% had the highest score, respectively. Emotional intelligence had no correlation with demographic variables of gender, work background, marital status, university and university degree. Conclusion: The nurses had a good level of emotional intelligence in regard to empathy, social responsibility and interpersonal relationships, but improvement of other skills such as problem solving, control of impulsivity and toleration of psychological pressure are also important because of their importance in nursing care. Key words: Emotional intelligence, Components of emotional intelligence, Factors of emotional intelligence, Clinical nurse Received: Jul 5, 2011 Accepted: Feb 6, 2012