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Background and Aim: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is one of the common problems in peri-menopausal women that can affect their physical, emotional and social conditions. In addition DUB is one of the main causes of hysterectomy. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors associated with DUB in peri-menopausal women in Sanandaj. Material and Method: This case–control study included 62 women with DUB(case group) and 124 women without DUB(control group). We used a questionnaire consisted of different items which was completed for every subject after clinical interview. Using SPSS software, data analysis was performed by chi-square, Fisher exact test and logistic regression. Results: DUB showed significant relationships with type of delivery (p=0.015) and age (p=0.045). DUB had no significant relationship with diabetes (p=0.095), hypertension (p=0.917) and type of contraceptive methods (p=0.906). Analysis by logistic regression revealed that women over 50 years of age and women with history of Cesarean section (C/S) had a respective risk of 2.284 (p=0.021) and 2.493 (p=0.009) times greater to develop DUB than women without these factors. Conclusion: The age over 50 years and C/S was suggested as risk factors which can be related to DUB. Attention to the advantages of vaginal delivery and complications of C/S is necessary and reduction of C/S rate can be effective in decreasing the incidence of DUB. Received: Jan 20, 2013 Accepted: Nov 27, 2013 Conflict of interest: None declared

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Background and Aim: Considering the importance of religion orientation in mental health and its stability up to adulthood, we performed this study to investigate religion/Islamic orientation and traits of students' personality on the basis of big five- factors of personality (NEO). Material and Method: This was a descriptive – analytical study. 272 subjects (men=128, women=144) between 18 and 28 years of age were selected by cluster sampling method and were assessed by means of two questionnaires: 1) Short – form of NEO- Personality Inventory and 2) Islamic-Religious Orientation questionnaire. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results: The results of this study showed that all the traits of five factors of personality except for neuroticism had correlation with religious orientation (P<0.01). Factor of openness to experience predicted 0.11 of religion orientation in the students. According to the results of this study, there was a significant difference in religion orientation between males and females (t= -2/21). Conclusion: In general in our study, the personality traits had correlation with religion orientation and among them openness to experience had a more important role. Key words: Religion orientation, Five- Factors of Personality NEO, Student. Received: May 7, 2013 Accepted: Feb 10, 2014

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Background and Aim: Common causes of dental discoloration include trauma, drugs, genetic defects, decay, and age. In order to correct discoloration of pulpless teeth, internal bleaching is recommended. The aim of this study was to compare microleakage of resin modified glass ionomer and OrthoMTA used as an intraorifice barrier in non-vital bleaching.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 extracted mandibular premolars were selected and randomly divided into two experimental (n = 16) and two control groups (n = 2). 2mm of OrthoMTA and RMGI cements were placed as intraorifice barriers in the experimental groups. Subsequently, we placed a mixture of sodium perborate and 30% hydrogen peroxide as internal bleaching material into the canal and replaced it every three days. Leakage was measured using pH diffusion method by a digital PH meter. Data were statistically analyzed by using T- independent test and repeated measures and variance analysis (P<0.05).
Results: The pH value of the negative control group was as same as the PH of normal saline while the PH value of positive control group was significantly higher than those of other groups. PH values of Ortho MTA and RMGI at the baseline and on the first, sixth and ninth day did not show significant differences with one another, while microleakage of OrthoMTA group was significantly lower on the third day.
Conclusion: In general, OrthoMTA had less leakage than RMGI but both materials can be used as suitable barriers for internal tooth bleaching.

 

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Background and Aim: Glass Ionomer cements have been used widely due to their biocompatibility, fluoride release and the ability to decrease the incidence of marginal caries. Minimum film thickness, adequate net setting time & high compressive strength are the main characteristics of a luting cement in clinical dentistry. The purpose of this study is to compare the film thickness & net setting time of Fuji I and a newly developed GIC.
Materials and Methods: 20 samples were prepared with P/L of 1.8:1 for Fuji I & 0.72:0.4 for Iranian cement. For the determination of net setting time, 5×8×10mm metal mold was prepared. Ninety seconds after mixing, carefully lower the indenter 0.1±1mm diameter vertically on the surface of the cement. Repeating the indentations at 30 s. Net Setting Time was recorded as the time elapsed between the end of mixing time and the time when the needle failed to make a complete circular indentation. For the determination of film thickness, two flat glass plates was used and the thickness of both were measured with micrometer device. Then applied a 0.1ml of the mixed cement at the center of the lower plate and applied 150N force to the specimen via the top plate. Then measured the difference of the two plates thickness with and without the cement as the film thickness of the cement. The data were entered into SPSS21 software and Kolmogorov Smirnov and independent T-test were used to evaluate the data.
Results: Fuji I had shorter mean value of Net setting time and smaller film thickness than Iranian cement.This difference was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Fuji I seems a better clinical choice for the cementation of indirect restorations than Iranian cement.

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Background and Aim:  In luting cements, the compressive strength characteristics are important. Sufficient radio opacity for luting cements is helpful in detecting recurrent caries, open gingival margins and residual luting materials. The aim of the present study was to conduct a comparative evaluation of compressive strength and radio opacity between Fuji I glass ionomer (GC, Japan)  and Iranian glass ionomer luting cements ( produced by Qazvin Ava Tajhiz Co).
Materials and Methods: In this study, 20 samples were prepared for each cement group. The specimens were prepared with a powder to liquid ratio (1.8/1) and after mixing were poured in mold with a height of 6 mm and a diameter of 4 mm. Then; we evaluated the strength of the specimens. In the radio opacity study, the cement mixture was poured into mold with 15 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness. Then the specimens were tested using a digital radiography apparatus. Using Digora for Windows software, radiopacity of the samples were evaluted.
Results: There was no significant difference between Fuji I (59.48 MPa) and Iranian cement (58.92 MPa) in regard to compressive strength (P=0.89). Radio opacity of Fuji I (2.4mmAl) was significantly higher than that of Iranian cement (1.85mmAL) (P =0.003).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that both properties of compressive strength and radio opacity of the cements were within the range of ISO 9917-2: 2010. If other properties of the Iranian cement are suitable, it can be considered as an alternative to Fuji I glass ionomer cement.