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Background and Aim: Gestational trophoblastic diseases are among the cases of high risk pregnancies. Lack of timely diagnosis may lead to complications such as high morbidity and mortality, HTN and hyperthyroidism. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and epidemiologic status of gestational trophoblastic diseases in Besat Hospital in Sanandaj from 1373 to 1382. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included all normal deliveries, cesarean sections, and curettages of the moles in Beast Hospital from 1373 to 1382. The sampling method was census. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistical methods using SPSS win11 program. Results: The results of this study showed that the incidence of trophoblastic diseases was 2.02 per 1000 pregnancy, namely 81 cases out of 39979. 78 (96.3%) patients had hydatidiform mole, 2 cases (2.5%) invasive mole and 1 case (1.2%) choriocarcinoma. The mean age of the patients was 27.25.2 years. 30 cases (38%) had history of abortion. Conclusion: The incidence of gestational trophoblastic diseases and the mean age of these patients in Sanandaj are the same as those of others regions of Iran. Therefore routine sonograpghy in the first trimester, for rapid diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic diseases is recommended.

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ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Menstrual disorders cause a lot of problems for the women. Sometimes diagnosis and treatment of these problems seems very sophisticated. Early diagnosis and treatment of menstrual disorders together with its clinical complications, recognition of their underlying causes and their relation with one another, are essential for treatment of these disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of menstrual disorders and some of its potential causes in 17 and 18 year old high school female students in Sanandaj in 2005. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic cross sectional study and included 511 high school female students at the age of 17 and 18 years. After obtaining primary information, in case of any menstrual disorder, the subjects were referred to a gynecologist for confirmation of the diagnosis. After confirmation of diagnosis sonographic and hormonal studies were performed. Using SPSS software, the data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and x2 test. Results: The incidence of menstrual disorders in the study population was 43.25%. Hypermenorrhea was the most and hypomenorrhea was the least common disorders (13.9% and 3.13% respectively). Polymenorrhea was detected in 13.31% of the cases. The incidence rates of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and spotting were 78.1%, 72.4% and 8.2% respectively. Menstrual disorders and its symptoms showed no significant relationship with presence of any evidence of PCO in sonoghraphy (P>0.05). Conclusion: High incidence of menstrual disorders in high school students should be taken into consideration and necessary instructions should be given to these students to decrease their stress. In case of persistence of the menstrual disorder, hormonal and sonographic examinations should be performed to detect the underlying cause of menstrual disorder. Key words: Female, Students, Menstrual disorders, Incidence Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: May 17, 2009 Accepted: November 30, 2009

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ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare disorder. Incidence of CVT in developing countries is not clear. This study was conducted to determine the incidence rate of cerebral venous thrombosis, its symptoms and some of its predisposing factors in Kermanshah city. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study. The sample size included 21 cases. Diagnosis of cases of CVT was based on MRI sequences T1, T2, FLAIR and approved by the gold standard MR venography over 12 months. The data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and the frequency of data was calculated. Results: This study included 21 patients three males (14.3%) and 18 females (85.7%) with a mean age of 36.00±10.13 years who had a total number of 55 thromboses. The most prevalent clinical symptoms, predisposing factor, associated disorder, and sinus involved, included headache (95.2%), OCP consumption (52.4%), infarction (47.6%) and superior sagital sinus (71.4%) respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that the incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in Kermanshah is relatively higher in comparison to the statistics mentioned in other studies, so further studies for more evaluation of contributing factors in this disease are recommended. Key words: Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, Incidence, MR Venography, MRI. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Jul 19, 2010 Accepted: Aug 3, 2010

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ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Among nosocomial infections, ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is very important which can lead to increased mortality rate in the patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of VAP and its bacterial resistance pattern at the intensive care unit (ICU) of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj. Material and Methods: In a prospective descriptive study carried out between September 2007 and June 2008, 149 endotracheal samples were obtained from the patients after 48 hours of hospitalization in ICU units of Besat Hospital. The samples were sent to the microbiology laboratory of Besat Hospital. Bacteriologic diagnosis was performed by using Edward & Ewings standard methods and antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by CLSI system guidelines. Demographic data were collected and recorded in a check list. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by means of descriptive statistical tests. Results: Among 149 samples from endotracheal tube of the patients, 48 were positive for VAP with an incidence rate of 32.2%. Mean standard deviation of duration of hospitalization was 23.4±10.2 days. Microorganisms isolated from endotracheal tube were essentially Enterobacteriacae and included Klebsiella spp, enterobacter spp, and E.coli. Acintobacter spp and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus aureus were detected from 3, 3, 2 and 1 samples respectively. The maximum and minimum antibiotic resistance by gram negative bacteria were 93.3% to cefalotin and 50% to amikacin. Conclusions: The VAP incidence rate of 32.2% needs serious attention. Clinical isolates in the present study had a high antibiotic resistance especially to the third generation of cephalosporins. Close attention to the standards of infection control for prevention of VAP is recommended. Key Words: Incidence, Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP), Bacterial resistance pattern, Adult Intensive Care Unit, Sanandaj Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: July 28, 2010 Accepted: Dec 28, 2010

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Background And Aim: Suicide is a social problem which can be influenced by geographical, cultural, economic, social, and environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to evaluate the relationship of  rates of suicide attempts and successful suicides with seven climatic conditions in Iran.

Materials and methods: The present study was a systematic review and meta-analysis on the incidence rates of suicide attempts and successful suicide in seven climatic areas of Iran which was carried out by reviewing the published papers between 2001 and 2014. Using the  keywords suicide, attempted suicide, incidence, Iran and combined terms, two trained investigators searched SID, ISI, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Irandoc, Scopus, and Magiran databases and all the relevant articles were extracted independently by them. The results were analyzed by using weighted average and Poisson distribution. 

Results: Among 74 articles,  30 were eligible for our study. The highest level of suicide attempts belonged to the climate area 5 (Isfahan, Yazd, Semnan and Qom cities ) with and incidence rate of 114.7/100000 people and the least belonged to the climate area 6(Chaharmahal and Bakhtiaree, kohkiloyeh and BoyerAhmad, Khuzestan Province) with the incidence rate of 37/ 100000 people. The highest and lowest incidence rates of successful suicide belonged to climate area 1 (Ilam, Lorestan, Hamadan, Kurdistan and Kermanshah) and climate area 5  with incidence rates of 12.9 and 2.8/100000 people respectively. Climate zone 5 had the highest incidence rate of suicide attempts and lowest rate of successful suicide.

Conclusion: According  to the findings of this study, the incidence of suicide and successful suicide can be influenced  by climatic factors. Based on the results of the studies conducted in different regions of the world, geographical and climatic factors can affect the incidence rates of suicide attempts and successful suicides. This was an ecological study. In order to find  the association of climate factors with suicide attempts and successful suicides, further studies should be done on individual level.

Keywords: Seven climatic conditions , Suicide attempt, Iran, Incidence, Successful suicide, Meta-analysis.

Received: Jan 10, 2016      Accepted: Jul 19, 2016

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Background and Aim: Cancers have a special place in health programs because of the costs of diagnosis and treatment as well as their irreversible complications. Distribution of diseases and their relationship with certain geographical areas is a confirmed subject producing a scientific background for medical geography. This study aimed to determine the five-year incidence of gastric cancer and its relationship with geographical factors in Khuzestan Province between 2009 and 2013.

Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study we assessed the incidence rate and relationship of gastric cancer with environmental, geographic and climatic factors. The study included all patients with gastric cancer in Khuzestan Province, between 2009 and 2013. The demographic and pathologic data of the patients had been recorded in a comprehensive cancer registration system. Using SPSS version 16, data were analyzed by independent T-test, Kruskai-Wallis test and ANOVA. Mapping of climatic factors was performed by Arc GIS.ver10.3 software.

Results: 1587 patients with gastric cancer had been recorded between 2009 and 2013 in the province's comprehensive cancer registration system. The mean age of the patients was 62.57± 14.17 years. 1047 patients (66%) were male, and 540 (34%) were female. The cumulative incidence of gastric cancer, was estimated as 35 per hundred thousand people. The relationship between gastric cancer and mean rainfall was statistically significant (p: 0.04).

Conclusion: The incidence rates of gastric cancer in different regions of the Khuzestan Province were not the same which can be related to the demographic variables as well as different geographic and climatic factors. Therefore, in order to identify the related risk factors in different regions further epedemeological  and etiological studies are recommended.

Key words: Incidence rate, Gastric cancer, GIS, Geographical factors.

Received: Oct 26, 2016      Accepted: Dec 23, 2016

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Background and Aim: Congenital hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder and is one of the main causes of mental retardation in the newborns. Genetic, environmental and geographical factors are associated with the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence rate and correlation of geographical factors with congenital hypothyroidism in Ilam Province.
Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical study and evaluated the incidence rate and geographical distribution of congenital hypothyroidism in the newborns in Ilam Province from the beginning of 2006 to the end of 2016. We studied the results of heel samples of the newborns between 3 to 5 days of age who had been screened for congenital hypothyroidism in the referral laboratories of the health centers of the health department of the Ilam University of Medical Sciences in all cities of Ilam Province. We used ArcGIS (ver 10.3) software for evaluation of geographical distribution. Statistical tests of Poisson regression and scatter plot were used to investigate the relationship between geographical factors and the incidence rate of congenital hypothyroidism. Data analysis was performed by use of SPSS 16 software.
Results: Based on the findings of the screening of 106900 newborns born in Ilam Province, the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in this study was 2.61 in 1000 live births (2.7 male newborns / 1000 live births, and 2.48 female newborns / 1000 live births). Among all the patients 55.4% were male and 44.6% were female. There was a significant correlation between the mean annual rainfall and herbal coverage with congenital hypothyroidism (p<0.05). Mean annual temperature, sunlight and relative humidity had no significant relationship with the disease (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, incidence of congenital hypothyroidism is high in Ilam Province. Abdanan and Ilam cities had the highest incidence rates of hypothyroidism and are among the high risk hotspots of the disease. As a result, authorities should take appropriate measures in order to control and reduce the incidence of this disease in the province. Also, among the geographical factors, the mean annual rainfall, herbal coverage and sunlight were associated with congenital hypothyroidism.

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Background and Aim: Considering widespread use of vancomycin in childeren and the occurrence of phlebitis related peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVC); we decided to determine Predisposing factorsof phlebitis in the childeren receiving vancomycin.
Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study included 145 children older than 1 month who had been admitted to a medical education center in Isfahan and were under treatment with vancomycin. The sampling method was convenience and phlebitis measuring instruments were used 24, 48 and 72 hours, after the peripheral intravenous catheter insertion for every child. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression tests were used to analyze the data.
Results: Chi-Square test showed a significant relationship between phlebitis and catheter place, catheter size and washing catheter with 0.09%NaCl (p<0.05). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that age (p=0.009), male gender (p=0.009), catheter placement in upper extremity (p=0.005), catheter No.24 (p=0.04), washing catheter with 0.09%NaCl (p<0.001), vancomycin concentration of <5mg/ml (p=0.004) and infusion of total peripheral nutrition (p=0.017) and cephalosporins (p=0.025) significantly influenced incidence of phlebitis.
Conclusion: nurses can prevent phlebitis by selecting appropriate catheter considering the ratio of catheter to vein size, washing catheter with 0.09%NaCl and use of the upper extremities for catheter insertion. The concentration of vancomycin should also be <5 mg/ml and the infusion rate should not exceed 5-10 mg/min. These factors have considerable importance when childeren receive total peripheral nutrition and cephalosporins along with vancomycin

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Background and Aim: Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disease which causes widespread inflammation in the body and has a poor prognosis due to various complications, especially respiratory system involvement. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of cystic fibrosis and determine its epidemiological, clinical and paraclinical features in Kurdistan province, Iran, between 2010 and 2020.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included cystic fibrosis patients admitted to Besat Hospital in Sanandaj (as the only referral specialized center for pediatric diseases in Kurdistan Province) between 2010 and  2011. Epidemiological, clinical and paraclinical data of the patients were collected by a checklist. Using SPSS software version 22, data were analyzed by using Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation coefficient.
Results: During the study period, we found 19 patients with definite diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, 14 (73.7%) male and 5 (26.3%) female, with mean age ± standard deviation of 11.10 ± 9.7. Based on the data of the birth rate in kurdistan Province during the study period, the incidence of cystic fibrosis in Kurdistan Province was estimated to be one in 15,000 live births per year. 4 patients (21.1%), had positive family history. The main symptoms of these patients were steatorrhea (94.7%), cough (89.5%), dyspnea (78.9%), growth disorder (73.7%), heart disorders (63.2%), jaundice (57.9%) and finger clubbing (36.8%).
Conclusion: Although cystic fibrosis is not very common in this province, identifying at-risk parents and early diagnosis of the disease can be beneficial for increasing life expectancy and quality of life and reducing health costs.
 

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Background and Aim: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that is one of the leading causes of maternal and neonatal mortality. Several risk factors have been stated for this complication, and the World Health Organization has drawn attention to psycho-social conditions. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between psychological and social factors with the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted as a case-control study on pregnant women who referred to the women's single specialty hospital in Ilam city in 1399. The research samples included a group of women with preeclampsia (53 people) and a control group (53 people). People were selected according to the study's inclusion criteria. The data of the study was collected using three demographic and midwifery information questionnaires, perceived stress and social support questionnaires, and then the data were entered into SPSS version 17 software and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical tests.
Results: According to the results of the study, there was a significant difference between the amount of perceived stress and social support in the two groups; Persons with preeclampsia had more stress and less social support. According to the logistic regression test, for each unit increase in stress in pregnant women, the probability of preeclampsia increases by 0.23%, and for each unit increase in social support in pregnant women, the probability of preeclampsia decreases by 0.53%.
Conclusion: People with preeclampsia had more stress and less social support; therefore, examining psychological aspects as a risk factor in this disorder is necessary. Also, more efforts are needed by health and treatment personnel for prevention, screening, blood pressure management, and reduction of psychological and social stress among pregnant women.