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Showing 23 results for Risk

Dr Soheyla Akbari, Mehdi Birjandi, Dr Neda Mohtasham,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (12-2009)
Abstract

ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Preterm delivery is a major cause of prenatal mortality and morbidity in the world and results in increased obstetric and pediatric care costs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of prophylactic vaginal progesterone in decreasing the rate of preterm delivery and its complications in high risk women. Material and Methods: This study included 150 asymptomatic women with high risk singleton pregnancies. The subjects were assigned randomly into two similar groups. One group received 100 mg of prophylactic vaginal progesterone therapy (n=75) daily between the 24th and 34th week of gestation and the other group received no treatment (n=75). The two groups were similar regarding maternal age and preterm delivery risk factors. Uterine contractions were monitored by external tocodynamometer for 60 minutes and in case of true contractions, routine tocolytic drugs were started for the subjects. In some patients, in spite of receiving tocolytic drugs, delivery progressed and the related data were collected. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by means of chi square, exact Fischer, ManWitney U, and t tests. The results were reported with a confidence level of 95%. Results: The mean gestational age at the time of delivery was higher in the interventional group (38.62 2.08 week vs. 35.88 3.5 week) (P=0.001). Preterm delivery before the 37th week of gestation occurred in 11.6% and 31.9% of the subjects in the progesterone and control groups respectively (P=0.004) and preterm deliveries before the 34th week occurred in 22.2% and 2.9% of the women in the control and progesterone groups respectively (p=0.001). Moreover respiratory distress syndrome, low birth weight, birth weight, need for oxygen, infant apgar,need for mechanical ventilator, and hospitalization in NICU were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.01). Conclusion: prophylactic vaginal progesterone reduced the frequency of uterine contractions which led to decreased rate of preterm delivery in women with high risk factors for preterm delivery. Key words: Preterm labor, Vaginal progesterone, Prevention, High risk pregnancy. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: September 23, 2009 Accepted: November 30, 2009
Samar Ghorbanpoor , Dr Ali Bidmeshkipoor, Dr Mohammad Hosein Mirmomeni, Sedigheh Khazaee,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2010)
Abstract

ABSTRACT Background and aim: Breast cancer is the most important malignancy in women, leading to mortality and morbidity in most developed and many developing countries. Considering increasing rate of incidence of breast cancer in Iran molecular investigation seems necessary. In several studies BRCA1 gene mutations had been investigated but in contrast to familial cases, the incidence of non genetic breast cancer is very high. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of BRCA1 gene mutations in sporadic cases of breast cancer. Material and Methods: In this study we used PCR-SSCP technique to detect BRCA1 mutations. Thirty paraffin-embedded human breast specimens were reviewed by a pathologist. The specimens had been obtained from the patients with sporadic breast cancer who had been operated in Imam Reza and Taleghani Hospitals in Kermanshah. Tumor samples were studied by use of PCR-SSCP technique to detect mutations in exon 5, exon 11A (300bp) and exon 11B (296bp) of BRCA1 gene. X2 test was used for data analysis. Results: Mutations were detected in 6 cases (20%) 4 cases (13.3%) in exon 5, and 2 cases (6.7%) in exon 11B. No mutation was detected in exon 11A. Conclusion: Our results suggested exon 5 and exon 11B gene mutations contribute to the development of breast cancer in sporadic cases. Key words: Breast cancer, BRCA1 gene, Mutation, Risk factor, Molecular diagnosis. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Oct 9, 2008 Accepted: Jan 7, 2010
Dr Hashem Kazerani,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2012)
Abstract

ABSTRACT Background and Aim: HTN is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases and its prevalence rate in adults is about 20-30 percent. In this study we evaluated the effects of age, gender, diabetes, cigarette smoking and hyperlipidemia on blood pressure after using 25 mg sublingual captopril. Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed between 1383 and 1385 and included 101 patients with BP equal to or more than 180/110 mmHg. Patients with symptoms of acute ischemia or heart attack, CHF, CNS and visual disturbances, pregnancy or captopril sensitivity were excluded from the study. After prescribing 25 mg sublingual captopril, systolic and diastolic BP was measured after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 minutes. Data were recorded in a questionnaire for every patient. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software and independent t-test. Results: This study included 101 patients (34 men and 67 women), 42 patients were less than 60 year old and 59 patients were of 60 years of age and over. 14 patients were diabetic and 87 non diabetic, 20 were smoker and 81 non-smokers, 27 had hyperlipidemia and 74 were without hyperlipidemia. BP decreased between 5 and 25 percent in 70% of the patients (P =0.001). There was no significant statistical relationship between decrease in blood pressure and age, gender and cigarette smoking. But non diabetic patients showed more reduction of BP in comparison to diabetic patients (P=0.014). Non-hyperlipidemic patients showed better response to the treatment and a significant difference was observed after 60 minutes. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that cardiac risk factors such as diabetes, smoking and hyperlipidemia may cause some alterations in endothelial function which can lead to decreased response to the treatment. We recommend more studies on this subject in the future, for further evaluation. Key Word: Captopril, Hypertension, Risk factor, Kermanshah Received: Apr 27, 2011 Accepted: Aug 25, 2012
Dr Nader Esmailnasab, Dr Bahar Moasses Ghaffari, Dr Abdolrahim Afkhamzadeh,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2012)
Abstract

ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the important preventable causes of mental retardation in newborns. Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kurdistan province is more than its mean Incidence in Iran and in the world. The present study was performed to identify the risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism in Kurdistan province. Materials and Methods: This case - control study included all the newborns with TSH screening tests >10 mIU/l in Kurdistan Province. Another group of neonates were selected as our control group. Analysis was performed by means of chi-square, t- test and logistic regression. Results: Our study included 105 patients, 66 (62.9%) boys and 39 (37.1%) girls. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in regard to weight, height, head circumference, mother's BMI and maternal parity. Univariate analysis revealed that family history of thyroid diseases had a significant relationship with congenital hypothyroidism in the newborns (P= 0.019). However multivariate analysis showed no significant association between the factors in our study and risk of congenital hypothyroidism. Conclusion: A history of thyroid disease among family members may be associated with congenital hypothyroidism. Therefore, family history of thyroid diseases should be regarded as a risk factor and included in the maternal control program. Keywords: Congenital hypothyroidism, Risk factor, Newborns Received: Sep 23, 2012 Accepted: Nov 19, 2012
Dr Behrooz Ahsan, Dr Payam Khomand, Dr Mohammad Taatiie, Dr Amir Molanaiie,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Status epilepticus is a medical emergency condition which has various causes among adults and children. Timely treatment and elimination of the underlying factors are important. Identification of its underlying factors in different societies can be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. This study was conducted to investigate the underlying factors of status epilepticus and compare them between adults and children. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional study and included all adult patients with diagnosis of epilepsy who had been hospitalized in the internal medicine and neurology wards of Tohid Hospital and also all hospitalized children with epilepsy in the pediatric ward of Be'sat Hospital, in Sanandaj. According to the patients' records and documents the main cause of status epilepticus in every patient was extracted and recorded by a neurologist. Data were revised and chi-square and Fisher's test were used for data analysis and comparison of the qualitative variables between the two groups (adults and children). Results: This study included 504 patients. 212 patients (63.1%) in the children group and 87 patients (51.8%) in the adult group were male (p=0.01). The prevalence rate of status epilepticus in the children and adults were 28.3% and 17.3% respectively. 29 children (26.3%) and 10 adults (34.5%) had previous history of epilepsy (p=0.39). Moreover, 32 children (33.7%) and 4 adults (13.8%) had previous records of epilepsy within their family (p=0.04). The most common causes of status epilepticus among adults were misuse or discontinuance of medications (34.5%), head trauma (20.7%), cerebrovascular problems (20.7%). Among children febrile diseases (60%), misuse or discontinuance of antiepileptic medications (20%) and metabolic disorders (7.4%) were the most common causes of status epilepticus. Conclusion: It seems that epilepsy is not controlled properly in the patients and it is likely that patients do not use antiepileptic medications correctly. It is necessary to design plans to prevent head trauma. Also it seems the parents do not have enough knowledge of controlling fever in their children. Therefore, proper instructions should be given to the parents about the disease of their children.
Farzaneh Saki, Dr Hasan Daneshmandi, Dr Reza Rajabi, Shadan Mohammadpour,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (10-2013)
Abstract

ABSTRACT Although intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have been investigated extensively, the neuromuscular and the biomechanical risk factors associated with this injury in female athletes are not yet well understood. This systematic review summarizes all the relevant biomechanical and neuromuscular risk factors associated with ACL injury. We used electronic databases of PubMed MEDLINE (1966– 2012), SCIENSEDIRECT (1982 – 2012) and SportDiscus (1985– 2012) for literature searching to identify the studies on ACL injury risk factors. We found a total of 152 articles. 52 of these studies had focused on neuromuscular and biomechanical risk factors. Investigation of the articles showed four neuromuscular imbalances: ligament dominance, quadriceps dominance, leg dominance, and trunk dominance. Existing evidence suggests that these four neuromuscular imbalances may be associated with the underlying ACL injury mechanisms. Also, review of the studies indicated that ACL injuries are more likely to occur during multi-planar rather than single-planar mechanisms of injury. Screening and detection of these imbalances are important in order to identify athletes at risk of ACL injury. Identification of faulty movement patterns would allow for implementation of specific interventions, targeted at prevention of these problems. Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Knee injury, Risk factor Received: Sep 8, 2012 Accepted: Jan 7, 2013 Conflict of interest: None declared
Dr Majid Mansouri, Dr Nahid Ghotbi, Dr Masood Hasanvand Amozadeh, Dr Ebrahim Ghaderi, Dr Siroos Hemmatpour,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (12-2013)
Abstract

ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Pneumothorax is the most common pulmonary air leak syndrome which occurs more frequently in the neonatal period than any other time of life. Mechanical ventilation with positive pressure is one of the most common causes of this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate pneumothorax risk factors in mechanically ventilated neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj. Material and Methods: This was a nested case-control study. Case group were neonates under ventilation with pneumothorax admitted to NICU between April 2012 and March 2013. Control group included neonates under ventilation without pneumothorax whose admission times followed in the immediate chronology to the case group. 31 cases and 62 controls were selected. Data collection was performed by use of medical records and ventilator memory in the last 24 hours. The data were introduced into SPSS software. Analysis of qualitative variables was performed by chi-squared and Fisher test. We used Mann Whitney U test for analysis of quantitative variables and logistic regression in order to control confounders. Results: 61.3% of newborns with pneumothorax were male and 38.7% female. 61.3% of these neonates were born by Cesarean section and 38.7% by vaginal delivery. Their mean gestational age was 32 weeks and the mean birth weight was 1819 g. 74% of cases had pneumothorax in the right side, 13% left side and 13% bilaterally. Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) was the most common underlying disease (74.2%) in the newborns with pneumothorax. 38% of neonates under pressure controlled ventilation developed pneumothorax compared to 7.1% of neonates under synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), which showed a significant difference (p=0.03). Ventilator parameters associated with higher risk of pneumothorax were more episodes of ventilator adjustments (P<0.001), high peak inspiratory pressure (p<0.001), high positive end expiratory pressure (p=0.029) and high mean airway pressure (p<0.001). Conclusion: In general pneumothorax risk factors in mechanically ventilated neonates in our investigation were similar to those of other studies. Our findings indicated that pressure controlled ventilation more episodes of ventilator adjustments, increased peak inspiratory pressure, positive end expiratory pressure and mean airway pressure are major pneumothorax risk factors in the mechanically ventilated newborns. To prevent pneumothorax, it is necessary to avoid frequent changes of ventilator adjustments and decrease in the above mentioned parameters to the levels enough to supply lung oxygenation. Key words: Pneumothorax, Neonate, Mechanical ventilation, Risk factors Received: Apr 27, 2013 Accepted: Aug 25, 2013 Conflict of interest: None declared
Dr Farnaz Zandvakili, Dr Shoaleh Shahgeibi , Dr Nasrin Soufizadeh, Dr Masoomeh Rezaii, Dr Fariba Farhadifar, Dr Fayegh Yousefi, Dr Fahimeh Omidikazazi,
Volume 19, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is one of the common problems in peri-menopausal women that can affect their physical, emotional and social conditions. In addition DUB is one of the main causes of hysterectomy. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors associated with DUB in peri-menopausal women in Sanandaj. Material and Method: This case–control study included 62 women with DUB(case group) and 124 women without DUB(control group). We used a questionnaire consisted of different items which was completed for every subject after clinical interview. Using SPSS software, data analysis was performed by chi-square, Fisher exact test and logistic regression. Results: DUB showed significant relationships with type of delivery (p=0.015) and age (p=0.045). DUB had no significant relationship with diabetes (p=0.095), hypertension (p=0.917) and type of contraceptive methods (p=0.906). Analysis by logistic regression revealed that women over 50 years of age and women with history of Cesarean section (C/S) had a respective risk of 2.284 (p=0.021) and 2.493 (p=0.009) times greater to develop DUB than women without these factors. Conclusion: The age over 50 years and C/S was suggested as risk factors which can be related to DUB. Attention to the advantages of vaginal delivery and complications of C/S is necessary and reduction of C/S rate can be effective in decreasing the incidence of DUB. Received: Jan 20, 2013 Accepted: Nov 27, 2013 Conflict of interest: None declared
Dr Omid Giahi, Ebrahim Darvishi, Mehdi Akbarzadeh, Siroos Shahsavari,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (12-2014)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Subjective workload (SWL) is a general concept in ergonomics literature. SWL is defined as the costs to the operator's health to achieve a certain level of performance. The aim of this study was to assess the risk of SWL for musculoskeletal disorders in bank employees in Kurdistan Province. Material and Method: This analytical - descriptive study included 200 employees from the banks of Kurdistan Province. NASA-TLX software and general Nordic questionnaire were used for the assessment of subjective work load and the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by means of SPSS19. Results: 78% of the subjects were male and 22% were female. The mean age and mean work background of the subjects were 36.28 and 14.2 years, respectively. On the whole, 48% of the staff had experienced pain at least once during the past year with highest frequency in the neck (48%), lower back (44%), and upper back (36%). The NASA Index showed that the bank staffs have scored the effort scale and efficiency scale with respective mean values and SD of 72.8±25.3 and 36.0±22.6, as the maximum and minimum values among the various aspects of workload. Data analysis revealed that mean subjective workload had statistically significant relationships with matrimony, work background, and also with prevalence and experience of pain (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The rate of subjective workload and musculoskeletal disorders in bank staff are high to the same degree and it seems that subjective workload scales not only add to the subjective workload but also act as a risk factor for musculoskeletal disorders. Key word: Risk assessment, Musculoskeletal disorders, Occupational health, Kurdistan province, Bank Received: Mar 1, 2014 Accepted: Oct 26, 2014
Sahar Khoshravesh, Dr Parvaneh Taymoori, Sajjad Abdolmaleki, Dr Payam Khomand, Maryam Pavara,
Volume 21, Issue 1 (4-2016)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Epidemiological studies in recent decades have been indicative of increased prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in the world. In this study we investigated awareness, risk perception, and protective behaviors in relation to multiple sclerosis among people in Sanandaj, Iran.

Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 800 people over 15 years of age. Samples were selected randomly from all of the city areas. The questionnaire included questions regarding demographic information, knowledge, perception of risk and protective behavior for MS. Using STATA12; data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical tests including x2 and regression. P-value less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results: Mean age of the participants was 38.27±14.91 years. In all age groups, the knowledge of the participants about MS was low (P<0.001). Knowledge and perceived risk showed significant relationships with educational level (P< 0.001). The knowledge about MS and the perception of risk were higher in women compared to men (P< 0.03). The most important source of knowledge about MS was the relatives’ information (46.4%).

Conclusion: Knowledge of people of Sanandaj about multiple sclerosis was suboptimal. Designing and implementation of intervention programs to enhance people's understanding of MS, ways to prevent, and promoting protective behaviors at the community level is necessry.

Keywords:  Multiple Sclerosis, Knowledge, Perceived Risk, Protective Behaviors, Sanandaj.

 

Received: Oct 31, 2015      Accepted: Jan 05, 2016


Vafa Maihami, Arash Khormehr, Dr Ezatollah Rahimi,
Volume 21, Issue 4 (10-2016)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Nowadays, there are increasing amounts of data in various fields, which calls for special methods for management and extraction of information. Therefore, use of expert systems in different fields in particular medicine has attracted the attention of many investigators. Prediction of diseases such as heart attack is also a complex issue for which selection of major risk factors and obtaining correct results have been considered essential.

Material and Methods: In this study, using fuzzy system, a model was designed which works based on medical knowledge and discerning comparison. In this system the criteria used for the diagnosis heart attack are introduced into the system. Then theses criteria will be used for the risk factors in order to predict presence or absence of heart attack. In order to increase efficiency and accuracy of the system, the influence of the more important risk factors have received higher values. The proposed algorithm was used for the data collected from 1000 heart attack cases and patients without heart disease by using fuzzy systems in Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj.

Results: The proposed algorithm could predict heart disease with 98% accuracy in the subjects predisposed to heart attack. Another advantage of this method is its high efficiency in the absence of important diagnostic methods, such as exercise testing.

Conclusion: The proposed algorithm can accurately identify patients with heart disease. Risk factors such as age, blood pressure, unhealthy fat, smoking, family history and gender have significant impacts on the development of heart disease, Therefore, designing interventional programs by medical centers and providing information by mass media can be useful for prevention of heart attack.

Keywords: Prediction of heart attack, Fuzzy systems, Fuzzy inference engine, Risk factors.

Received: Feb 6, 2016      Accepted: Jun 21, 2016


Parand Firouzmanesh, Dr Shahin Fakour, Dr Elham Ahmadi,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (8-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-born zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to human by tick-bite and contact with blood, body fluids or tissues of infected animals and is associated with hemorrhagic presentation and high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of CCHF in high risk people and animals in Kurdistan Provinces.
Material and Methods: Samples were taken from 100 people at risk of the disease who were selected randomly from slaughter house workers (n=20), livestock owners (n= 80).  Also, we obtained samples from both sexs of  cows (n=150) and sheep (n=150) with the age ranges of less than 1 year, 1-3 years and ≥3 years, during the four seasons. Clinical signs and history of contact with ticks were recorded, and then serum samples were collected and tested by indirect immunofluorescent assay for detection of CCHF specific IgG.
 Results: In this study we did not find any positive result for CCHF from animal and human samples.
Conclusion: Our results provided no evidence of human and animal exposure to CCHF virus which could be due to low prevalence of CCHF in Kurdistan.  Thus, further studies including larger sample size and also virus isolation particularly from ticks, are recommended.
Key word: Serology, CCHF, People at risk, Animals, Kurdiatan.
 
Received: Nov 12, 2016      Accepted: Mar 12, 2017
Borhan Mansouri, Dr Afshin Maleli, Mehri Mahmoodi, Dr Behrooz Davari, Siroos Shahsavari,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (8-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Human exposure to heavy metals causes health problems and use of cosmetic products; especially lipstick and hair dye contaminated by metals is considered a way of exposure to these agents. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of heavy metals in lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj.
Material and Methods: This study was a cross - sectional study and performed from Jan to Feb, 2015. In this study we collected 50 samples from four brands of lipstick and hair dye in Sanandaj. After preparation of the samples by acid digestion, the concentrations of heavy metals were measured by using ICP-OES and the results were reported in microgram per gram.
Results: The results showed that the mean concentrations of cadmium, iron and zinc in the hair dyes were higher than those in the lipsticks; while the mean concentrations of, copper, nickel and lead in the lipsticks were higher than those in the hair dyes. Moreover, among the metals iron had the highest and silver and cadmium had the lowest concentrations in both of the cosmetic products. HQ index in this study was less than 1.
Conclusion: The metal concentrations in the lipstick and hair dye cosmetics products in Sanandaj were generally lower than the maximum acceptable concentration in the US and Canada. Considering the potential effects of metals on health, it is essential to control import of these products into the country and establish national standards for cosmetics.
Keywords: Lipstick, Cd, Pb, Risk assessment.
 
Received: Jul 27, 2016      Accepted: Feb 6, 2017
Soraya Amani, Dr Khaled Rahmani, Dr Ebrahim Ghaderi , Dr Farzam Bidarpour, Dr Ardeshir Rahimzadeh, Shayesteh Rasaeian,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (9-2017)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Determination of prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors is the key factor for designing any intervention program for the control and prevention of these diseases. The aim of this study was to determine NCD risk factors among rural areas population in Kurdistan Province, in Iran, in 2015. 
Materials and Methods: In this population-based study, we investigated the prevalence of main NCD risk factors among 13710 adults above 20 years of age selected by systematic random sampling method from rural areas of Kurdistan Province, in the north-west of Iran. Data were collected by using a standard questionnaire. SPSS version 22 software was used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that 10.6% (9.0-12.2%) of the participants were current daily tobacco smokers and 32% (31.5-33.0%) of them had passive smoking. 54.9% (54.1-55.8%) used solid oils as the main consumed oil by the households. The prevalence rate of overweight/obesity was 17.2% (16.5-17.8%). Mean daily fruit and vegetable consumption and also mean hours of exercise or vigorous physical activity per week were 1.6±0.9 servings and 2.8±3.5 hours, respectively. The prevalence rates of hypertension and hyperlipidemia were estimated 8.2% (7.8-8.7%) and 3.3% (3.0-3.7%), respectively. The prevalence rats of stroke, various cancers, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), depression and diabetes were 0.6% (0.5-0.8%), 0.4% (0.3-0.6%), 1.1% (0.9-1.3%), 1%(0.8-1.1%), 1.5% (1.3-1.7%) and 2.5% (2.2-2.7%), respectively. Different cities of the province showed significant differences in the prevalence rates of the most of the risk factors (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This population-based study provided the real figures of NCD risk factors among the population living in the rural areas of Kurdistan Province. We recommend use of the results of this study for designing any intervention program for control and prevention of NCD in this region.
Keywords: Non-communicable diseases, Risk factors, Prevalence, Rural areas, Kurdistan.
Received: Jan 16, 2017       Accepted: May 17, 2017  
Afsaneh Rajizadeh, Dr Shoeib Samimi, Dr Mohsen Momeni,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (6-2018)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Since birth weight is one of the most important health indicators, we decided to investigate the factors related to the low birth weight (LBW) of the infants in the south of Kerman Province.
Material and Method: This case-control study included 300 cases of neonates in Jiroft City. 150 neonates with low birth weight (less than 2500 g) were placed in the case group and our control group included 150 neonates with normal birth weights. Data were extracted from the health documents of the neonates and categorized into four groups including demographic data of the parents, pregnancy data, parental risk behaviors and infant characteristics. Using  SPSS software version 20, data were analyzed by single and multivariate logistic regression.
Results: Single-variable regression analysis showed the possibility of having LBW neonate was higher in the mothers over 35 years of age, or with a history of illness, smoking and drug abuse compared to the neonates in other groups. Also, poor care, old age of fathers and high maternal weight were associated with an increased rate of LBW. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant difference between all the above - mentioned variables except the age of the fathers, in relation to LBW of the neonates. In addition, low birth weight was more likely in the babies born through cesarean section and neonates born to the mothers with high school diploma compared to the neonates in other groups.
Conclusion: Prevention of pregnancy at an older age, mothers' education about avoiding drug use and smoking, as well as prenatal care are suitable measures for prevention of LBW.
Keywords: Low birth weight, Pregnancy, Birth weight, Risk factor.
 
Received: Oct 24, 2017     Accepted: Apr 9, 2018
 
Dr Yaghoob Karkoobi, Dr Ghobad Moradi, Pezhman Sharifi, Dr Shahnaz Ghafoori,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2018)
Abstract

ABSTRACT

Background and Aim: Considering the increasing trend of thyroid cancer and increased number of new cases we performed this study to determine the risk factors for thyroid cancer in Kurdistan Province.

Materials and Methods: 80 patients and 80 controls were matched and entered into this case-control study from September 2009 to September 2016 in Kurdistan Province. Data were collected by reviewing the records of the patients, making phone calls and face-to-face interviews.  Using SPSS v.20 software, data analysis was performed by chi-square test, T-test and logistic regression.

Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, marital status, residential place, and profession. Thyroid cancer showed significant relationships with obesity, history of thyroid cancer in family, use of levothyroxine and TSH level.

Conclusion: The results of the study highlighted the importance of TSH level, obesity, history of thyroid cancer in family, and use of levothyroxine which can be considered as risk factors for thyroid cancer by education and health planners.

Keywords: Risk factors, Thyroid cancer, Kurdistan Province.

 

Received: Dec 18, 2017     Accepted: May 22, 2018


Javad Beheshtipour, Ghazaaleh Adhami, Milad Moradi, Shaahin Shabani,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (4-2019)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. There is little information about the risk of occupational exposure to toxoplasmosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis among the butchers in Sanandaj City.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 53 butchers in Sanandaj from May to October 2018. Sampling method was census. The inclusion criteria consisted of: at least 1 year of work experience in the butcher shop and age > 18 years old. After obtaining 5 ml blood sample from each butcher serum samples were prepared. All 53 serum samples were evaluated by ELISA kit for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibody. Furthermore, demographic characteristics and risk factors for toxoplasmosis were investigated, which included: age, residence area, educational level, duration of activity, raw meat consumption, eating while working, wearing gloves, injury when handling raw meat and keeping cat indoors. Data were analyzed by chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression.
Results: 6 (11.32%) of the 53 butchers were positive for Toxoplasma gondii. Eating while working and wearing gloves had a significant association with the prevalence of toxoplasmosis (P<0.05). Age, residence area, educational level, duration of activity, raw meat consumption, injury when handling raw meat and keeping cat had no significant association with the prevalence of toxoplasmosis (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed low seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the butchers of Sanandaj, which can be explained in three aspects: acquaintance of the butchers with the parasitic cysts of the tissues compared to other strata of society, ignoring butchers in non-licensed butcher shops who do not follow hygiene standards, as well as the advancement of various processes of raw meat supply in the last two decades.
Karim Sharifi, Nima Fattahi, Zakaria Vahabzadeh, Pedram Ataee, Vahid Yousefinejad, Asrin Babahajian, Farshad Sheikhesmaili,
Volume 24, Issue 4 (10-2019)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and gallstone disease (GD) are both highly prevalent in the general population and have many risk factors in common. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of GD in the patients with NAFLD.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, our case group included 145 patients with NAFLD and control group consisted of 215 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy subjects. NAFLD and gallstone disease were diagnosed by sonography. The prevalence and risk factors for gallstone disease were evaluated in the groups and compared between the 2 groups.
Results: The frequency rates of gallstones in the case and control groups were 10/135 (6.9 %) and 5/210 (2.3 %) respectively (p=0.04). The frequency rates of gallstones in the female participants in the case and control groups were 6.8% and 3.4%, respectively, and in the men were 6.9% in the case and 1% in the control groups. We found no significant relationship between sex and frequency of gallstones in both groups (P> 0.05). In the control group, the prevalence rate of GD in the subjects over 50 years of age were significantly higher than that in the subjects under 50 years of age (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference between ag e and GD in the case group (P = 0.51). Also, in both groups, the prevalence of GD was significantly higher in obese subjects (BMI> 30) (P> 0.05). There was a significant difference between the grade of fatty liver and the prevalence of GD (P = 0.01). Comparison of the risk factors associated with the GD, showed no significant difference between the two groups.
Conclusion: The prevalence of gallstones was more in NAFLD than in normal population and was associated with grade of fatty liver disease.

Mostafa Jahangir, Dr. Alireza Khorakian, Dr. Saeed Mortazavi, Dr. Ehsan Elahi,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Abstract

Background and Aim: Organizational change risks are defined as the likelihood of adverse events and the negative consequences that threaten organizational change. The purpose of this research is to identify the risks of organizational change in medical universities, extracting the relationships between these risks and classifying them based on the drive power and dependence power.
Materials and Methods: In this research, which is a mix method research, organizational change risks were identified using the Glaserian grounded theory approach, and then, using the interpretative structural modeling (ISM) method, the relationships between organizational change risks are determined. Finally, using MICMAC analysis, the type of organizational change risks was identified. The study population in both quantitative and qualitative sections was faculty members and managers of medical universities. A purposive sampling method was used to select the samples.
Results: Analysis of the interviews led to the emergence of 33 organizational change risks in 10 categories. Based on interpretive structural modeling, organizational change risks were classified into five levels.
Conclusion: Given that the risks associated with knowledge management in change management, the risks related to objectives of organizational change, and the risks pertaining to employee perception of organizational change have the greatest impact on other risks, and at the same time they accept the least effect, they should be prioritized.

Ehsan Mohammadi, Payam Heydari, Sakineh Varmazyar,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (7-2020)
Abstract

Assembly lines are associated with health risk and musculoskeletal disorders, particularly in the upper limbs. The aim of this study was to analyze three risk factors of posture, duration and force by using the postural ergonomic risk assessment (PERA) method in the workers of the assembly unit of automobile parts.
Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the assembly unit of one of the auto parts manufacturing industries. Using the occupational task analysis method, task identified in one hierarchical task analysis (HTA) was divided into a set of sub-tasks. Risk factors of posture, duration and force were assessed by PERA method for each task.
Results­: Based on hierarchical task analysis, the vehicle assembly task included four sub-tasks of deburring, washing, vacuum testing and packaging which consisted of a total of 15 operations. Based on the risk factor analysis, we found the greatest risk of force in loading operations and the most awkward posture in sub-task of deburring and packaging. The risk level was estimated high and unacceptable in all three sub-tasks of washing, vacuum testing, and packaging.
Conclusion: Factors of force, posture and duration of work contributed to unacceptable risk in the loading operations of the cylinder head on the pallet and placing it inside the carton. Using tables with adjustable height (reducing the vertical distance between origin and destination) and rotating plates at all angles, together with reducing the exposure time to risk factors by rotation programs for workforces can prevent forward and lateral trunk and neck bending and reduce unacceptable risk levels.

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مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
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