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  ABSTRACT

  Background and Aim: Streptomycin and ofloxacin are synthetic antibacterial agents of aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones groups respectively which are effective against gram-negative bacteria and urinary tract infectious diseases and used in many countries in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these drugs on leydig cell apoptosis by use of TUNEL assay in rats.

  Material and Methods: Thirty male wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into three groups control (n=10) and tests (n=20). The test groups received 40 mg/kg (IP) streptomycin, and 72 mg/kg (PO) ofloxacin daily for fourteen days however the control group just received vehicle (normal saline) intraperitoneally. On the fourteenth day the testis tissue of the rats in all groups were removed, fixed in 10% formaline and prepared for light microscopic examination and the Terminal Uridine Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) technique was used to identify apoptosis.�The statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA test.

  Results: The number of leydig cells undergone apoptosis in streptomycin, oflaxacin and control groups were (2.15±11.14), (6.15±8.17) and (1.01±0.41) respectively which revealed a significant difference.

Conclusion: In our study the number of apoptotic cells in streptomycin group was less than that of ofloxacin group (p<0.05). Therefore use of streptomycin carries fewer risk of producing infertility in male rats

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Background and Aim: One of the most important bacterial resistance mechanisms is production of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL). In addition, ESBL strains usually have resistance to several antibiotic classes, because multiple resistance genes are often carried by a plasmid. One of these multiple resistances is the simultaneous resistance to quinolones and ESBL production. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolones in ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Sanandaj health centers in 2018.
Materials and Methods: Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility in all isolates (phenotypically and at Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and identification of ESBL strains were performed by VITEK2. We evaluated the relationship between ESBL production and resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) by statistical tests.
Results: According to the antibiotic susceptibility results of 67 isolates, 35 isolates (52.23%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. 25 isolates (37.31%) were identified as ESBL, of which 19 isolates (76%) were resistant to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and only 6 isolates (24%) were sensitive to these antibiotics. Statistical analysis showed that resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was significantly increased in ESBL isolates compared to that in non-ESBL isolates (P-value = 0.003).
Conclusions: In this study, simultaneous resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) and ESBL production was observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, which can limit treatment options. Also, the results of this study showed that the treatment of the ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae infection with levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin antibiotics will be a challenge in these medical centers.