54 1560-652X Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 68 General Assessment of capability of fetal and adult neural stem cells to differentiate into endothelial cells Fathi Fardin Jafari Kermani Abas Abozari Morteza Alasvand Masoud Ahmadi Salahedin Rezaie Mohammad Jafar Pouladi Arash 1 6 2008 13 1 1 12 12 04 2009 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Neural stem cells exist in various regions of the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). They are undifferentiated cells, capable of both self-renewal and producing neurons and glial cells. In addition to generating different types of neural cells, NSCs are capable of producing cells of other tissues. In this study NSCs were isolated from mouse brain and their capability of differentiation into endothelial cells was evaluated. Material and Methods: Neural stem cells (NSCs) were isolated from lateral wall of the lateral ventricle of the adult and fetal mouse brain and cultured in serum-free DMEM-F12 medium in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and B27 supplement. Neurospheres were plated on the fibronectin coated culture slides. DMEM-F12 media supplemented with 10% FBS was used for differentiation of NSCs into endothelial cells. Differentiated cells were evaluated by Immuno-histochemistery, RT-PCR and tube formation assays. Results: The results of this study revealed culture of fetal neural stem cells in fibronectin coated and also DMEM-F12 media containing 10% FBS led to differentiation of NSCs into endothelial cells. When differentiated cells were transferred into extra cellular matrix or matrigel, they produced capillary like structures characteristic of endothelial cells. The results of immuno-histo-chemistry and RT-PCR showed differentiated cells can absorb low density lipoproteins and express CD31, VE, cadherin and Flk-1 genes, and also can adhere to BS-1 lectin. Unlike neural stem cells isolated from mouse fetus, the isolated cells from adult mouse brain did not differentiate into endothelial cells. Conclusion: This study reveals neural stem cells isolated from fetal mouse brain and adult mouse brain do not show similar behavior in differentiating into endothelial cells. Key words: Neural Stem Cells, Endothelial Cells, Tube Formation, Cell Differentiation.
69 General Effect of gabapentin on opioid withdrawal symptoms in opium dependent patients Kheirabadi Gholamreza Ranjkesh Mansour Maracy Mohammad Reza Salehi Mehrdad 1 6 2008 13 1 13 20 12 04 2009 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: This randomized double-blind, placebo controlled study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of gabapentin in the treatment of opiate withdrawal symptoms. Material and Methods: This was a 3-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial and performed in specialized addiction behavior unit, an outpatient unit for the treatment of patients with addiction in Isfahan. The study included forty patients, 37 males and 3 females, between 21-61 years of age who met DSM-IV criteria for opium dependence. The subjects were randomly assigned into 2 groups. The experimental group received MAD (methadone-assisted detoxification) and gabapentin 900 mg/day. Severity of different withdrawal symptoms was measured by using subjective opiate withdrawal scale (SWOS) in six steps. Results: Despite superiority of gabapentin to placebo in controlling some of withdrawal symptoms no significant difference was noticed between the two groups. Conclusion: Addition of 900 mg/day of gabapentin to MAD treatment regimen is not significantly superior to placebo in controlling opium withdrawal symptoms. Key words: Gabapentin, Opium dependent, Withdrawal symptoms, Opioid 70 General Assessment of the effect of addition of propofol to remifentanil on seizure duration, homodynamic change and recovery from anesthesia Ahsan Behzad Vahedi Mohammad Saleh Shami Shoaleh Tayebi Arasteh Mehdi 1 6 2008 13 1 21 27 12 04 2009 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: General anesthesia is required to perform ECT. The hypnotic drug used for induction of anesthesia in ECT may affect the duration of seizure and recovery from anesthesia and also homodynamic change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of remifentanil to propofol for induction of anesthesia in ECT on seizure duration, homodynamic change and recovery from anesthesia. Material and Methods: Twenty ASA 1 and 2 patients scheduled for ECT underwent induction of anesthesia for two times randomly with remifentanil-propofol (study group) or saline-propofol (control group). ECT induced via bilateral electrodes and after injection of 0.5 Mg atropine, 50 Microgram remifentanil (study group) or 3 ML saline and 1Mg propofol, 0.5 Mg/Kg succinylcoline (control group). Then the patients were oxygenated with 100% oxygen via face mask. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were measured before induction of anesthesia and 1, 5 and 10 minutes after termination of seizure. Duration of seizure, time of opening of the eyes on command after anesthesia and time for sitting and walking 10 meters without help were also measured and recorded. Data were introduced into SPSS soft ware and analyzed by means of T test and ANOVA. P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Systolic and diastolic pressures as well as heart rate increased after induction of seizure in both methods but this increase was significantly higher in control group. Duration of seizure was the same in two groups. The time for opening of the eyes on command and sitting without help after termination of seizure were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Our study shows addition of remifentanil to propofol for induction of anesthesia in ECT has no effect on duration of seizure and recovery from anesthesia but modifies the homodynamic response to ECT. Key word: Propofol, Remifentanil, ECT, Seizure. 71 General Comparison of the effect of fennel essence and gripe water syrup in infantile colic Attarha Maryam Rosbahani Nasrin Youssefi Parsa 1 6 2008 13 1 28 35 12 04 2009 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Excessive crying in healthy infants due to abdominal colic is a common problem during the first month of life and usually occurs in infants of less than 4 months of age. Various plants have been used to relieve infantile colic including chamomile, dill, fennel, catmint and others, among them fennel is most frequently recommended by herbologists. Since the cause of infantile colic is unknown and chemical drugs have different side effects we designed this study to compared the effect of fennel essence with that of grip water syrup in infantile colic. Material and Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial and encompassed 81 infants up to 4 months of age in Arak. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Before intervention, diagnosis of colic was made by a pediatrician and mean duration of crying was assessed for all infants and was classified into 3 groups less than 60 minutes, 60-120 minutes and more than 120 minutes. In the experimental group fennel essence with doses of one teaspoonful TDS and one dessertspoonful TDS were prescribed for patients of less than one month of age and patients of 1-4 months of age respectively. The control group received grip water syrup with the same doses for similar age groups for one week. On the 3rd and 7th days of treatment the mean duration of crying in 24 hours was determined again and compared with the previous values. Data were registered in questionnaire, introduced into SPSS soft ware and analyzed by means of X2, Mann-Wittny, Leven and K.S. tests. Results: Before intervention the mean values for duration of crying in fennel group were: in 56.1% less than 60, in 36.6% 60-120 and in 7.3% of cases more than 120 minutes and in gripe water group: in 63.4% less than 60, in 29.3%. 60-120 and in 7.3% of cases more than 120 minutes which revealed no statically significant difference. But after treatment on the 3rd and 7th days comparison of the pre and post treatment values for duration of crying in fennel group showed a significant difference (p=0.004, 0.05). On the 3rd and 7th days of treatment in grip water group we also noticed a significant difference between pre and post treatment values for duration of crying (p=0.037. 0.002). None of the infants cried more than 2 hours in the 2 groups. No statically significant difference was noticed between the two groups after treatment. Conclusion: The essence of fennel is effective as much as grip water syrup in relief of infantile colic, so it can be used as a safe, effective and inexpensive herbal drug for infantile colic. Key words: Infantile colic, essence of fennel, grip water. 72 General Isolation and primary culture of rat thymic epithelial cells using actinidin enzyme of kiwi fruit Mansouri K Mostafaie A Shirvani Z Bidmeshkipour A 1 6 2008 13 1 36 43 12 04 2009   ABSTRACT   Background and Aim: Proteolytic enzymes specially collagenase are used for degredation of extracellular matrix, cell isolation and primary cell culture. It is important to substitute a low cost and easily obtained plant or animal protease for collagenase. In the present study the enzyme actinidin which is found abundantly in kiwi fruit, was used to isolate thymic epithelial cells from rat thymus.   Material and Methods: Actinidin with different concentrations (from 1 to 10 mg/ml) and at different times (3, 4 or 5h) was used to isolat rat thymic epithelial cells. The isolated epithelial cells were cultured on collagen coated dishes in willam's E medium. The percentage of viable isolated cells was estimated by the trypan blue test and morphology of the cells examined microscopically after staining with Papanicoloau.   Results: Actinidin with a concentration of 4 mg/ml for 3.5-4 h digested extra-cellular matrix of rat thymus and isolated thymic epithelial cell appropriately. The rate of viability of the separated cells was estimated 90-95% in all isolates.   Conclusion: The results of this study indicated actinidin is comparable to collagenase in isolation of epithelial cells from the thymus of rat and probably other animals. Considering its simpler purification and its low cost, this enzyme is a suitable and safe substitute for collagenase which can be used for isolation of thymic epithelial cells from rat and probably other animals. 73 General Determination of the amount of aflatoxin in milk samples delivered to Sanandaj pasteurized Milk Corporation Hazhir MS Sanoubar Tahaiee N Rashidi K Rezaie R Shaykhi H 1 6 2008 13 1 44 50 12 04 2009   ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Aflatoxins are toxic mold metabolites produced by toxigenic strains of Aspergillus species. They have an important role in the occurrence of a number of human diseases such as liver cancer, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples which had been collected for Sanandaj pasteurized Milk Corporation. Material and Methods: A total of 84 raw milk samples from different places in Sanandaj and Tehran were collected randomly during 2 weeks (in February-2007). After centrifugation of milk samples, upper creamy layer was completely removed and the lower layer was analyzed by using special ELISA kit made by Tecan S.r I corporation for determination of aflatoxin M1. Data were analyzed by means of ANOVA. Results: Aflatoxin M1 was found in 77 of the milk samples examined. In the remaining samples (7 milk samples) aflatoxin was not found. In 67 milk samples the quantity of aflatoxin was within standard limits and in 17 samples aflatoxin level was higher than the maximum accepted limit (based on European :::union::: standard). There was a significant difference between the rate of milk contamination in different regions (p<0.001). Conclusion: Presence of aflatoxin in dairy products is a serious problem for the public health, especially in infants and children who consume these products most frequently. Therefore milk and dairy products have to be inspected routinely for aflatoxin M1 contamination. To achieve a low level of aflatoxin M1 in milk, the milch cows’ feeding should be under regular inspection for aflatoxin contamination. 74 General Detection of -thalassemia mutations in Kurd patients of Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan provinces Khorshidi SH Haghi M Hosseinpour Feizi M.A Aminbakhsh M Hosseinpour Feizi A Pouladi N 1 6 2008 13 1 51 58 12 04 2009   ABSTRACT   Background and Aim: β -thalassemia is the most common autosomal recessive disorder. More than 200 different mutations in the β-globin gene have been detected which can lead to decreased or absent β -globin chain synthesis . Since the Iranian population is a mixture of different ethnic groups, it is necessary to determine the frequency and distribution of these mutations in the different ethnic groups of our country. Therefore, in this study we determined the spectrum and the frequency of β-thalassemia mutations in the patients with β-thalassemia major in the Kurd population of Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan provinces of Iran.   Material and Methods: To detect mutations, extracted DNA of 110 chromosomes from 55 unrelated patients, were studied by PCR-ARMS (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Amplification Refractory Mutation System), SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) and direct sequencing methods.   Results: The results of this study showed that IVS-II-1 ¨ (G→A) was the most common mutation with a frequency of 31% FSC * 8/9(+G) with a frequency of 19% was the second most prevalent mutation among all chromosomes. Other mutations were IVS-I-1(G→A), FSC8 (-AA), IVS-I-110(G→A), FSC36/37(-T), IVS-I-5(G→C), IVS-I-128(T→G), FSC44 (-C), FSC 5(-CT) and +22UTR · (G→A). These mutations comprised 79 % of β -thalassemia mutations in this region and 21% of the mutations still remains to be explored.   Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, there are similarities and differences between this region and other parts of Iran and also neighboring countries. Therefore, determination of β-thalassemia mutations in this region seems to be necessary and beneficial for designing prenatal diagnosis programs.   ¨ . Intervening Sequence-II-nucleotide 1   * . Frame Shift Codon   · . Untranslated Region 75 General Comparison of the effect of breath training and lower extremity aerobic exercise on pulmonary ventilation and maximal oxygen consumption of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Khoshnevis M.A Najafi Mehri S Zarrehbinan F Shahsavari S 1 6 2008 13 1 59 67 13 04 2009   ABSTRACT   Background and Aim: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease deals with both emphysema and chronic bronchitis and is the fourth leading cause of death in females and fifth in males. These patients often are treated with chemical drugs which are costly and have different side effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two ways of pulmonary rehabilitation including breath training and lower extremity aerobic exercise on forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).   Material and Methods: This study is a randomized experimental controlled clinical trial and included 58 patients, 20 patients in breath training group, 20 in aerobic exercise group and the remaining 18 cases in control group. The study took 8 weeks to be completed and the collected data were analyzed by means of paired t-test, ANOVA, post hoc LSD.   Results: In this study post intervention comparison of the mean values of FEV1 and VO2 max between the patients in the breath training group and control group showed no significant difference, but a significant difference was noticed between the mean values of FEV1 (p<0.01) and VO2 max (p<0.001) in the lower extremity aerobic exercise group and the control group. The mean values of FEV1 and VO2 max revealed no significant difference before the beginning and after the end of this study.   Conclusion: In pulmonary rehabilitation of the patients with COPD, lower extremity aerobic exercise is more effective than breath training in the improvement of FEV1 and VO2 max. 76 General Callus distraction by a distractor device for lengthening of short bones of hand and foot Frotan K Karimi Estahbanati H Fatemi M.J Rajabi F 1 6 2008 13 1 68 76 13 04 2009   ABSTRACT   Background and Aim: This study is performed to evaluate the results of lengthening of the fingers or congenitally short phalanxes, metacarpal and metatarsal bones by callus distraction technique. In this study we used a newly designed callus distraction device which is simple, reliable and easy to use.   Material and Methods: This study included 46 patients, 20 females and 26 males with short bones of hands or feet. The mean age of the patients was 17 years (age range 4-23 years). 67% of our patients had traumatic amputation of fingers or toes. The mean duration of follow up of the patients was 56 months.   Results: The mean length of metacarpal, phalangeal and metatarsal bones before surgery was 31 mm (range 30-35 mm). The mean bone length increase after surgery was 16 mm (range 15 to 27 mm) i.e. more than 50% of the bone length. Mean healing index ratio was 5.53 days/millimeter. No bone graft was required after bone lengthening. Complications were, pin tract infection in 2.5%, hypertrophic scar on the dorsum of foot in 8.5%, neurovascular complications in 1%, reversible stiffness in joints in 9.5% and bone pain in 12% of the patients. Conclusion: Callus distraction is an effective and reliable method for lengthening of short phalangeal, metacarpal and metatarsal bones. It also preserves the periosteal bone tissue. Our distractor device is reliable and highly effective for callotesis. 77 General Study of the effect of bubble blowing on the pain intensity due to IV catheters in children Alavi A Zargham A 1 6 2008 13 1 77 82 13 04 2009   Bacground and Aim: Pain is a health problem and a major part of life in childhood. Many children especially the children with chronic diseases such as thalassemia suffer from pain due to treatment procedures. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of bubble blowing on pain intensity during IV Catheter insertion in children with thalasemia .   Material and Methods: This was an experimental single blind clinical trial. The method was cross-over and included one group. In this study, 32 thalassemic children aged between 5 to 12 years entered into the study via convenient sampling method. Each sample was randomly chosen and two methods of bubble blowing and control (Routin intervention) were performed in two stages. The data were collected by use of Ocher scales and CMFS questionnaire. Validity and reliability of Ocher scales have been aproved in various studies. Collected data were analyzed by means of t- and wilcoxon tests.   Results: The findings of the this study showed that the values for mean pain intensity according to numeral scales were 6.88 and 17.81 in bubblebleowing and control groups respectively. According to photographic scales this value was 0.44 for bubble blowing and 1.19 for control group respectively. Paired t-test and wilcoxon test showed a significant difference between bubble blowing and routin interveation (p=0.000).   Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that bubble blowing decreases pain of IV catheter insertion. Since bubble blowing method is more economical, using diffrent distraction methods during catheter insertion will promote life quality of thalassmic children. 78 General Use of reverse osmosis for removal of chromium from electroplating industrial sewages Gholami M Mohammadi H Ameri A Rahim M 1 6 2008 13 1 83 92 13 04 2009   ABSTRACT  Background and Aim: Chromium is a transitional element of group 6 and is the 21rst common element in the nature which occurs in two forms: a three valent and a 6 valent form. Electroplating industry contributes much to the pollution of the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of reverse osmosis membrane in the removal of chromium from industrial sewages. We also studied the optimum condition for reverse osmosis membrane for removal of chromium.   Material and Methods: At first, synthetic chromium solutions with concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 g/l were prepared and injected into the spiral module of 2521 TE model RO system made in Korea by CSM Company. The influence of operating pressure, feed concentration, temperature, and pH on chromium removal efficiency for each concentration was determined.   Results: Our study revealed that a 200psi pressure (α=0.01), 10 g/l concentration (α=0.05), 25˚C temperature (α=0.05) and a pH of 6-7 gave rise to the optimum condition for removal chromium.   Conclusion: The efficiency of chromium removal by reverse osmosis membrane was about 99%. Therefore this method of chromium removal, when compared to other methods, is more suitable and effective.