54 1560-652X Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 2032 General The serum level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D and factors affecting its level among students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Zehni Kambiz Ashjaardalan Azin Bagherisaweh Mohammad Iraj Rokhzadi Mohammad Zahed 1 12 2015 20 5 1 10 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Vitamin D deficiency is an important and common health problem in developed and developing countries. Due to variations in factors associated with vitamin D level, including sun exposure and amount of dietary intake of vitamin D, status of vitamin D levels in the people is quite different in different communities.  The aim of this study was to determine the serum level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D and factors affecting its level among students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Material and Methods: 171 students entered into this cross sectional study by systematic random sampling. All participants completed our questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, medical history, medications, dietary intake of vitamin D, and coverage status and exposure to the sunlight. Serum samples were taken to measure vitamin D levels in the participants. Also, their weight and height were measured using standard methods. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, t- test, Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: 46.2% of the participants were male and 53.8% were female. The mean vitamin D level was 18.9± 7.02 nmol/l. Considering 25 OHD;le 30 nmol/l as vitamin D deficiency the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, in all subjects was 96.5 % (97.5% in males and 95/7% in females). BMI, dietary intake of vitamin D, exposure to the sunlight, and coverage status showed no statistically significant relationship with vitamin D level status (P > 0/05). Conclusion:  Considering high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the study population, it seems that preventive interventions and treatments and training programs are necessary. Keywords: Serum level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D, Effective factors, Students.   Received: June 11, 2015      Accepted: Oct 17, 2015
2033 General Frequency and etiologies of acute and thunderclap headaches in Tohid Hospital, Sanandaj, Iran Ghaderi Ebrahim Khomand Payam Ahsan Behrooz Hamze Pour Aram 1 12 2015 20 5 11 20 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Headache is one of the most common reasons causing the patients to refer to pain clinics. Most people have experienced severe headache at least once in their lifetime. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of thunderclap headache and associated symptoms in Sanandaj. Material and Methods: This descriptive study evaluated all patients admitted to Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj with acute or sudden headaches from October 2012 to September 2013. Data were collected from the patients;#39 records. Using SPSS version 18, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, T-test, Fisher;#39s exact test, Chi-square, and Logistic regression. Results: Based on the sites of the headache, 43 (36.1%) and 24 (20.2%), patients had frontal headache and generalized headache, respectively. 58 patients (48.7%) had a space-occupying lesion in the brain. 47 (39.5) patients had thunderclap headache. Among the patients with severe headache, 30 (25.2%) patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage, which was more common in the group with thunderclap headache. Results of logistic regression showed that risk of having brain injury in the patients suffering from  headache of less than one week duration increases up to 11.657 times (P=0.027).This risk increases in the patients with headache aggravated by coughing or sneezing and headache with no previous history to 42 times (P=0.006) and 5.6 times  respectively (P=0.052). Conclusion: Headaches aggravated by coughing, sneezing, and with no previous history were associated with higher incidence of space-occupying lesions (brain tumor, S.A.H,…). Also subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and meningitis were two major causes of thunderclap headache. Other studies showed that migraine is the most common cause of thunderclap headache, but in emergency wards, intracranial hemorrhages including SAH & ICH were more common causes of this type of headaches. Therefore, more investigations are required for the patients with thunderclap headache. Keywords: Acute headache, Thunderclap headache, SAH, ICH, Migraine.   Received: Jan 5, 2015      Accepted: Oct 4, 2015 2034 General Comparison of the findings of transvaginal ultrasound (after bowel preparation) and laparoscopy in the diagnosis of deep infiltrative endometriosis in Al-Zahra Infertility Clinic patients in Tabriz in 2013 Ghatresamani Fatemeh Tarzamni Mohammad Kazem Mosaed Leila Farzadi Laaya Hajalioghli Parisa 1 12 2015 20 5 21 29 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Endometriosis is a common gynecological problem. In recent years, it has been one of the main subjects of women;#39s diseases. 5-15% of the premenopausal women are suffering from this disorder. During the past two decades, its incidence has been on the rise. Material and Methods: This study was a retrospective study and included 60 patients with clinically suspected endometriosis who were candidates for laparoscopy. Transvaginal ultrasound and laparoscopy was performed for all of them. Data were collected using SPSS version 20 software and analyzed by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and chi-square. Result: In this study the mean age of the patients was 31.1 ± 4.97. We found a sensitivity of 100% for transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of pelvic mass. The sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal ultrasound for the diagnosis of the bladder involvement were 50% and 100% respectively. The accuracy of the test to distinguish the two cases were 100% and 93%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the transvaginal ultrasound can be safely used for the diagnosis of pelvic mass and its diagnostic value is equal to that of laparoscopy. It is less invasive and less expensive than laparoscopy. We obtained satisfactory results by using transvaginal method for detection of bladder involvement. Keywords: Endometriosis, Transvaginal ultrasound, Laparoscopy, Sensitivity, Specificity.   Received: May 5, 2014      Accepted: Jul 28, 2014 2035 General Effect of three methods of combined training (strength and endurance) on serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women Banitalebi Ebrahim Hoseinzadeh Ali Mardanpour-Shahrekordi Zahra Amani-shalamzari Sadegh 1 12 2015 20 5 30 40 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three methods of combined training (strength and endurance) on serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women. Material and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 elderly women (mean agepf 60.34±0.82 years, mean height: 155±0.01 cm, and mean weight: 71.72±1.89 kg) were enrolled using purposeful method and then randomly assigned to four groups: strength + endurance (n=10), endurance + strength (n=9), circulation combined (n=12), and control (n=9) groups. Serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance index were measured before, and 48 hours after the last training session. Training programs were implemented three days a week for eight weeks. Paired t - test was used for evaluation of differences within each group and one-way ANOVA to compare the groups with one another. Results: After eight weeks of combined training, all three experimental groups showed significant reduction in weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and glucose (P;le0.05). Significant differences were found in weight (p=0.017) and BMI (p=0.023) between the 4 groups, but no significant differences were found in adiponectin and insulin resistance (p>0.05).  Conclusion: According to the results of this study, despite positive changes in body composition and body fat percentage, none of the three methods of combined training caused a significant change in serum adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in the overweight elderly women. Keywords: Combined training, Adiponectin, Insulin resistance, Aging. Received: Apr 28, 2015      Accepted: Sep 21, 2015 2036 General Kyphosis in apple-shaped and pear-shaped obesity Allami Adel Golpayegani Masoud Shahjerdi Shahnaz 1 12 2015 20 5 41 51 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Obesity is an important factor leading to spine abnormalities. Body fat distribution (type of obesity) is important in relation to its effect on the health of people. The purpose of the present study was to compare thoracic curvature and its abnormality (kyphosis) in apple-shaped and pear-shaped obesity. Material and Methods: This was a case-control study. The subjects in this study consisted of the 6th grade, primary school girls in Arak City, in Iran. 122 obese students were screened using non-randomized and purposeful sampling method based on their body mass index. Finally, 61 students participated in this study. Then, based on waist-to-hip ratio, the students were divided into apple-shaped and pear-shaped obesity groups. Results: We found significant differences between the two groups in relation to the degree of thoracic curvature and the incidence of kyphosis which were more pronounced and more prevalent in the subjects with apple-shaped obesity. Conclusion: The difference in the degree of thoracic curvature and the incidence of kyphosis in the two obesity groups were possibly related to the type of obesity, namely, body fat distribution. It seems that the type of obesity affects the thoracic curvature and can lead to kyphosis. Keywords: Apple-shaped obesity, Fat distribution, Kyphosis, Thoracic curvature, Pear-shaped obesity.   Received: Jun 15, 2015      Accepted: Sep 12, 2015 2037 General The relation of qnr genes to the induction of resistance to ciprofloxacin in Escherichia coli Yousefi Setareh Mojtahedi Ali Shenagari Mohammad Atrkar-roushan Zahra 1 12 2015 20 5 52 60 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli is a common infection. Fluoroquinolones are frequently used for treatment of UTI and improper use of these antibiotics has led to antibiotic resistance. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used commonly for the treatment of UTI. Material and Methods: From March to September 2014, we collected 1723 urine samples from four hospitals in Rasht. After culture & identification of E.coli, antibiogram was performed using ciprofloxacin disk. Plasmid DNA was extracted for amplification of qnrA, qnrB and qnrS. PCR products were electrophoresed on 2 % agarose gel containing syber safe. Using SPSS version 18, data analysis was performed by ;chi2 test. Results: Of 309 isolated E.coli strains, 139 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin among which, 96 (69.1%), 103 (74.1%) and 8 (5.8%) samples were carrying qnrS, qnrB and qnrA genes respectively. 9 strains were carrying qnrS, qnrB and qnrA genes simultaneously. Comparison of qnr genes in susceptible and resistant strains to ciprofloxacin showed that qnrS gene was associated with ciprofloxacin resistance. Conclusion: It is necessary to prevent the improper use of antibiotic because of increasing antibiotic resistance. Since qnr genes were detected in some susceptible strains, some other mechanisms such as mutation could be involved in the development of ciprofloxacin resistance. Keywords: Drug resistance, Escherichia coli, qnr genes, PCR, Urine.   Received: Jun 24, 2015      Accepted: Jul 27, 2015 2038 General Effect of 12 weeks of selected Pilates exercise training on serum adiponectin level and insulin resistance in female survivors of breast cancer and its role in prevention of recurrence Azamian jazi Akbar Ghasemi Mobarekeh Behnam Vismeh Zaynab Parsa Gohar Noshin 1 12 2015 20 5 61 73 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: A low level of adiponectin have a great effect on the breast cancer incidence and increase in adiponectin after a period of exercise training may be associated with changes in insulin resistance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of selected Pilates exercise training on serum adiponectin level and insulin resistance in female survivors of breast cancer and its role in prevention of the recurrence. Material and Methods: 27 breast cancer survivors (mean age 44.11±6.19 years old, BMI 29.24±4.92 kg/m2) were selected based on our inclusion criteria and randomly divided into experimental (n=14) and control (n=13) groups. The experimental group participated in a 12 weeks of selected Pilates exercise training (three session per week). During this period, the control group did not participate in any exercise training program. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test. Results: Serum adiponectin level and VO2max significantly increased, but insulin level, insulin resistance and body fat percentage significantly decreased and the FBS level had no significant change after selected Pilates exercise training (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the increase in adiponectin level and decrease in insulin resistance after selected Pilates exercise training, it seems participation of the breast cancer survivors in Pilates exercise training can prevent breast cancer recurrence. Keywords: Breast cancer, Adiponectin, Insulin resistance, Pilates   Received: Aug 16, 2015      Accepted: Sep 12, 2015 2039 General Effects of sleep deprivation and anaerobic exercises on the serum levels of cortisol and IgA in male athletes Arshadi Sajad Banaeyfar Abdolali Gohari Rasoul Shakiba tabar Roodabeh 1 12 2015 20 5 74 82 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Sleep deprivation has a negative impact on the body;#39s physiological performance and psychological condition. It can affect the athletic performance, body hormones, and immune system, leading to harmful effects on the body systems. The present study investigated the effects of a sleepless night along with maximal exercise performance on the hormonal and immune responses. Material and Methods: This semi experimental study was conducted in two separate stages (maximal exercise performance after sleep and sleepless stages). The blood sample was taken, the subjects;#39 cortisol and IgA levels were measured using radioimmunoassay and turbidimetry. Dependent t-test and covariance were used to compare the two groups. Results: Anaerobic exercises after sleep and sleepless stages led to a significant increase in the cortisol and IgA concentrations. These changes were higher in the sleepless stage. Conclusion: Anaerobic exercise after sleepless night can affect physiological and immunological features of the body which can be due to insomnia induced stress and stress of maximum exercise. Keyword: Sleep deprivation, Cortisol, Athlete, Immunoglobulin A.   Received: Aug 16, 2015      Accepted: Oct 12, 2015 2040 General Comparison between hip muscle isometric strength of injured and healthy legs in female collegiate athletes with a history of inversion ankle sprains Pirani Mehdieh Norasteh Ali Asgar Mohebbi Hamid 1 12 2015 20 5 83 92 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most prevalent injuries in high school, college, and recreational sports. The risk of repeat injury increases when hip musclesʼ strength alters in female athletes with a history of ankle sprain due to distal injury. The purpose of this study was to make a comparison between hip muscle isometric strength of injured and healthy legs in female collegiate athletes with a history of inversion ankle sprains. Material and Material: Twenty subjects (age 22.5 ± 2 years, weight 64.24 ± 10.45 kg, height 163.85 ± 5.2 cm) with a history of at least 2 unilateral ankle inversion sprains in the previous three months participated in this study. Demographic data of the subjects were recorded in the questionnaires, and then the measurement protocol began. At the same time, the participants;#39 uninvolved limbs were regarded as our control group. Hand held dynamometer (model 01160 Nicholas) used to assess hip abductor and extensor muscle strength in both limbs. We used paired t-test to compare hip muscle strength between injured and unaffected limbs. Results: The results of strength tests indicated lower mean values of hip abductor and extensor muscle strength in the injured limb compared to the uninjured limb, but no significant difference was noted in the hip muscle strength between the different sides. Although the athletes had history of inversion ankle sprain, they did not show any decrease in the hip abductor and extensor muscle strength. Conclusion: This study showed that exercise experiences can compensate for the probable weaknesses of hip muscle strength in the injured limbs.  Keywords: Ankle sprain, Female athletes, Hip abductor muscles strength.   Received: Oct 8, 2014      Accepted: Sep 7, 2015 2043 General Association of 1082G/A estrogen receptor genes polymorphisms with recurrent abortions using AS-PCR Daraei Sahar Angaji Seyed Abdolhamid Morovvati Saeed Tahmaseb Mohammad Asari Neda 1 12 2015 20 5 93 101 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Abortion is spontaneous termination of pregnancy before the 20th week. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also referred to as recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion, is historically defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses. There are several known risk factors associated with recurrent miscarriages, including genetic, endocrine, autoimmune, anatomical. Causes of recurrent miscarriages in 50% of the cases remain unexplained. It has been hypothesized that genetic polymorphism in estrogen receptor genes would be associated with recurrent miscarriages. Material and Materials: This study included 80 patients with a history of three or more consecutive unexplained abortions and 80 women with at least 2 live births without any miscarriage. Then we investigated estrogen receptor gene polymorphism in the participants by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) method. Results: The frequencies of rs1256149 polymorphisms among the women with recurrent abortions and also the women in the control group were 80% and 62.5 % respectively. There was a significant difference in the genotype frequencies between RPL and the control groups (p=0.028). Conclusion: These findings indicated that estrogen receptor polymorphism can be regarded as a genetic marker for recurrent spontaneous abortions. Keyword: Estrogen receptor gene, Polymorphisms of 1082G/A, Recurrent Background and Aim: Abortion is spontaneous termination of pregnancy before the 20th week. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), also referred to as recurrent miscarriage or habitual abortion, is historically defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses. There are several known risk factors associated with recurrent miscarriages, including genetic, endocrine, autoimmune, anatomical. Causes of recurrent miscarriages in 50% of the cases remain unexplained. It has been hypothesized that genetic polymorphism in estrogen receptor genes would be associated with recurrent miscarriages. Material and Materials: This study included 80 patients with a history of three or more consecutive unexplained abortions and 80 women with at least 2 live births without any miscarriage. Then we investigated estrogen receptor gene polymorphism in the participants by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) method. Results: The frequencies of rs1256149 polymorphisms among the women with recurrent abortions and also the women in the control group were 80% and 62.5 % respectively. There was a significant difference in the genotype frequencies between RPL and the control groups (p=0.028). Conclusion: These findings indicated that estrogen receptor polymorphism can be regarded as a genetic marker for recurrent spontaneous abortions. Keyword: Estrogen receptor gene, Polymorphisms of 1082G/A, Recurrent pregnancy loss.   Received: Jan 13, 2015      Accepted: May 31, 2015pregnancy loss. Received: Jan 13, 2015      Accepted: May 31, 2015 2044 General Inhibitory effects of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotandus on acetylcholinesrerase activity Naderi Gholamali Hajhossini Reza Abasi Maryam Mehrabian Arezoo 1 12 2015 20 5 102 109 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Dementia is a progressive decline in mental and cognitive abilities which may be caused by brain injury or disease. Among several types of dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent. Acetylcholine is one of the mediators in brain which has a key role in recording, maintenance and recall of information in the brain. Neuronal cells secreting acetylcholine are among the first cells which are injured in Alzheimer disease. Prevention of degradation of acetylcholine by inhibition of acetylcholinesrerase can be essential for maintenance of memory and thinking. Considering increasing need for medicines with fewer side effects for the treatment of diseases such as AD, in this study we investigated the inhibitory effect of an extract of the Cyperus rotandus on the activity of acetylcholinestras. Material and Methods: Activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AchE) was measured by Ellman method, using Scale. Then, Lineweaver Burk plot was used to calculate Km, Vmax and Ki. In all the phases, the enzyme concentration was constant and its activity was measured in six different concentrations of acetylthiocholine (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mM) at room temperature (250- 270C) based on optical absorption at 412 nm wavelength. Experiments were conducted in the presence of various concentrations of physostigmine (5.0, 75/0, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/100ml) and Cyperus rotandus (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7/0 mg / ml). Finally, according to Dixon plot we used different levels of inhibitor concentration and activity percentages to calculate IC50 of inhibitors. Results: Ki of Cyperus rotandus was found to be almost 40 times greater than Ki of physostigmine. Values of IC50 of physostigmine and Cyperusrotandus were 2.21;mug/ml and 139;mug/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the mechanism of enzyme inhibitory effect, lower levels of Ki and IC50 will lead to higher inhibitory effects. Therefore, the results showed that physostigmine was a stronger inhibitor compared to Cyperus rotandus. Moreover, with purification of the extract, higher inhibitory effects could be expected. In addition, Cyperus rotandus does not have the side effects such as nausea, vertigo, etc. which can be produced by physostigmine. Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase, Cyperus rotandus, Physostigmine, Alzheimers, disease.   Received:  Mar 03, 2015      Accepted: Oct 11, 2015 2045 General Scientific status of endocrine, diabetes, and metabolism research centers of the universities of medical sciences in Iran according to their scientific productions using exergy method Ghazi Mirsaeid Seyed Javad Sanee Nadia 1 12 2015 20 5 110 119 27 11 2015 27 11 2015 Background and Aim: Advent of thermodynamic parameters such as exergy in the field of scientometrics and bibliometrics in 2012 offers a new ranking parameter. Exergy is an indicator of research performance which is a merger of quantity and quality. This study aimed at determining academic status of research centers of endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism of Iranian medical universities based on their scientific productions indexed in citation databases of Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using exergy in 2013. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Statistical population was selected from six endocrine, diabetes, and metabolism research centers. Data were extracted from the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education as well as other citation databases. Microsoft Excel version 2007 was used for data analysis using descriptive statistics. Results: This study showed high research performance of endocrinology and metabolism research centers of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti universities of Medical Sciences. The iCX and iPX mappings showed higher quantity and quality of research works performed in these two research centers. Among the research centers, diabetes research center of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences had the lowest performance. Conclusion: In this study we found in addition to quantity, quality was also effective in the promotion of the scientific status of the research centers. Thus, integration of these two factors in one index can overcome the shortcomings of other indicators of scientometrics and bibliometrics. Keywords: Exergy, Endocrine, Research centers, Quantity, Quality.   Received:  Jul 1, 2015      Accepted: Oct 03, 2015