54 1560-652X Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 733 General Antibacterial effect of essential oil of mastic resin on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Clostridium sporogenes Hanafi Ghorban Mohammad b Darvishi Shoaleh c Darvishi Nazila d Sayedin-ardabili Seyed Mehdi e Mir-ahmadi Fardin f b Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch c Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch d Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences e Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch f Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch 1 4 2012 17 1 1 10 13 04 2012 ABESTRACT Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Clostridium sporogenes can produce food poisoning and gastro enteritis in human beings. Alcoholic Essential oil of Bene tree exudates or wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica subsp.kurdica) has known antimicrobial activity against most microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Bene tree essential oil exudates. Material and Method: In this study, antibacterial effects of alcoholic essential oil of Bene tree exudates on Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1431), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1338) and Clostridium sporogenes (PTCC 1651) were examined three times, by filter paper disc diffusion method, broth dilution method, determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). For data analysis we used SPSS software and t-test. Results: On the basis of statistical results, inhibition zones of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, each with concentration of 50mg/ml and Clostridium sporogenes with concentration of 120 mg/ml bacteria were 13.14±0.32, 11.16±0.4 and 8.8±0.3 respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive and Clostridium sporogenes was the most resistant bacteria to essential oil of Bene. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 80, 5.5 and 0.6 mg/ml respectively and respective minimal bactericidal concentrations for Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were determined 120, 80 and 20 mg/ml. Conclusion: Alcoholic essential oil of Bene tree exudates exhibited not only inhibitory effect but also antibacterial effects on the Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1431), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1338) and Clostridium sporogenes (PTCC 1651). Considering the organoleptic effects of alcoholic essential oil of Bene tree, it can be used as a preservative. Key words: Pistacia atlantica subsp.kurdica, Inhibition zone, MIC, MBC. Received: Apr 12, 2011 Accepted: Dec 9, 2011
734 General The frequency of microscopic colitis in the patients with chronic diarrhea in Kurdistan Province in 2009 Nasirifar Alireza g Taheri Amir h Nikkhoo Bahram i Shaykh esmaili Farshad j Gharibi Fardin k g Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences h Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences i Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences j Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences k Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 11 17 13 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Microscopic colitis is a cause of chronic watery diarrhea which may be accompanied with abdominal pain and weight loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of microscopic colitis in the patients with chronic diarrhea in the subspecialty center in Sanandaj in 2009. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study and included 115 patients with non-bloody chronic diarrhea in Sanandaj in 2009. Sampling method was census. Demographic data were recorded in a checklist for every patient. Then colonoscopy was performed and biopsy samples were obtained for pathological examination and determination of the type of colitis. Results: Fifty patients (%43.4) had microscopic colitis (4.3 collagenous and %39.1 lymphocytic) and 65 patients (%56.6) had not this disease. Female to male ratio was 2 to 3. The majority of the patients were under 40 years of age and the mean values of the age of the patients with collagenous and lymphocytic colitis were 29 and 35.4 years respectively. Conclusion: The frequency of microscopic colitis (lymphocytic and collagenous) in the patients with non-bloody chronic diarrhea was high and the age of onset of this disease in Kurdistan was low, while in other parts of the world the disease occurs in the individuals over 50 years of age. Key words: Microscopic Colitis- Lymphocytic - Collagenous- Chronic Diarrhea Received: Jul 15, 2011 Accepted: Dec 30, 2011 735 General Coronary artery lesions and some of its related factors in more than 5000 patients in kosar Angiography Center (Golestan Province) from 2007 to 2009 Abdollahi Ali Akbar l Hoseini Seyed Abedin m Salehi Aref n Behnampour Naser o Abasi Ali p l Golestan University of Medical Sciences m Golestan University of Medical Sciences n Golestan University of Medical Sciences o Golestan University of Medical Sciences p Golestan University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 18 24 13 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death in Iran and most parts of the world. Major factors are involved in severity and extension of arterial obstruction. There have been different reports about location and severity of coronary artery lesions. This study determines factors related to the severity of coronary artery obstruction in the patients in kosar Angiography Center. Material and method: This was a descriptive analytical study and included 5444 patients. The characteristics of every patient were recorded in a check list. After measurement of blood pressure of the patients and recording history of hypertension, diabetes and drug consumption, data were introduced into a special software and then SPSS (16.00) software. Data analysis was performed by ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests. p≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: 52% of the patients were male and 48% were female. 6.7%, 6.47%, 30.32% and18.7% of the lesions was located in LAD, RCA, CX and OMSN respectively. RCA, OMSN, CX and LAD branches had obstructions of less than 50% (28.1%, 16%, 25.8% and 39% respectively). 38.2% of the patients had history of hypertension and 24.6% had history of diabetes. Location and severity of the lesions in some branches showed significant relationships with hypertension, diabetes and gender (p<0.001). But location and severity of the lesions had no relationship with residence and education level. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the location and severity of the lesions in the patients with coronary artery disorders were associated with certain risk factors which were compatible with the results of other studies. Considering the results of this study, it is necessary to take measures for diagnosis and prevention of this disease. Keywords: Coronary branch injury, Angiography, Golestan province, related factors. Received: Dec 6, 2010 Accepted: Feb 26, 2012 736 General The relationship between the level of physical activity and some risk factors of coronary heart disease in the university students Etemad Zaher Esmailnasab Nader Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 25 35 13 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim : Attention to the activity level of the University students, planning on sport activitis as well as providing appropriate facilities for them is a fundamental necessity. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of activity level in the male and female students at Sanandaj Islamic Azad University and provide some approches to increase the activity level in order to decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Material and Methods: Sixty University students participated in this semi-experimental study. Sampling method was randomized allocation. The level of activity was recorded in a questionnaire for every student. Blood tests, blood pressure and other measurements were performed.Then the variables of this study such as percentage of body fat, fat mass, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured. Using SPSS software, the collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Student's t-test. p=0.05 was considered significant. Results: The level of activity had a negative correlation with percentage of body fat, fat mass, cholestrol TC, blood LDL-C, body mass index of the male and female students as well as systolic blood pressure of the female students (r=0.78, P≤0.05). While the activity level had no significant correlation with the level of TG, HDL-C, blood TG/HDL-C ratio in both male and female students, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the male students as well as diastolic blood pressure in the female students (r=0.22). Conclusions: Sport activitis have considerable effects on the public health and quality of life style. Appropriate and regular sport activities can result in desired changes in some cardio-vascular risk factors and hence, improvement of the public health. Key words: Level of activity, Body fat pecentage, Body mass index, Lippoprotein low and high density. Received: May 29, 2011 Accepted: Dec 23, 2011 737 General Seroepidemiology of VZV in the young adults referring to Rasoul-Akram Hospital in Tehran Talebi Taher Mahshid Rezaie Omid Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 36 42 13 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Varicella–Zoster virus causes chicken – pox, which is a mild disease in children. However, in adolescents and adults between 20 to 40 years of age, it may be severe with visceral involvement such as pneumonia and hepatitis. In this study the level of anti VZV antibody in young adults was determined. Compatibility of the history of varicella with presence of varicella antibody in this population, considering sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive and predictive negative values, was assessed. Material and Methods: This cross–sectional study included 400 healthy young adults. The enzyme immunoassay was used to determine the titer of IgG antibodies against VZV in the sera. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by means of chi2 test. Results: A total of 400 young adults between 20 and 40 years of age were examined and 313 (78. 25%) of them were found to be seropositive. Sero-positivity was more significant in the females (P=0.048). There was no statistically significant difference in the antibody titer between different age groups (P=0.82). Correlations of sensitivity and positive predictive value of history of varicella with presence of antibody in the sera were 89% and 95% respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a significant number of young adults are susceptible to infection and extensive screening and sero-prevalence studies are needed to make decision about mass vaccination in children in Iran. Keywords: Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Chicken-pox, Sero-epidemiology, Iran. Received: March 28, 2011 Accepted: Dec 2, 2011 738 General Psychosis secondary to traumatic brain injury with manifestation of prominent grandiosity delusion ‎: a case study with a 4-month follow-up Rezaei Sajad Moosavi Seyed Heshmatollah Yousefzadeh Shahrokh Salehi Iraj University of Isfahan Guilan University of Medical Sciences Guilan University of Medical Sciences University of Guilan 1 4 2012 17 1 43 52 13 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been known as one of rare etiological factors of psychotic disorder. In this case study we investigated the trend of evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of a patient with psychosis secondary to TBI who developed prominent grandiosity delusion. Case report: The patient was a young 35-year-old man who was hospitalized due to a motorcycle accident and developed decreased level of consciousness, restlessness and nausea. CT findings indicated contusion of the left temporal lobe. Moreover, ‎loss of consciousness (LOC), ‎cognitive impairment, post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), disorientation, ‎lack of attention and concentration, memory disturbances, aggression and ‎ grandiosity delusions were observed during psychological evaluations. 27 days after TBI, he was diagnosed as a case of psychosis secondary to TBI ‎based on DSM-IV-TR in psychiatric examinations. Then, the patient gradually recovered after medical treatment and the symptoms of injury disappeared during a follow-up period of 4 months. Conclusion: Presentation and treatment of this patient cannot clarify the vague relationship ‎between TBI and psychosis secondary to TBI however, the ‎results of this study emphasize the importance of psychological evaluations, ‎investigation of serious symptoms of mental disorders, monitoring and protection of ‎these patients for proper treatment.‎ Identifying the risk factors of secondary psychosis complicating TBI can be helpful to rule out differential diagnoses, detect those with higher risk of psychosis and facilitate timely implementation of management strategies for this disorder before the onset of its advanced symptoms. Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, Psychotic disorder, Grandiosity delusion. Received: Apr 16, 2011 Accepted: Dec 2, 2011 739 General Investigation of the relationship between polymorphism of IFN-γR1 (-611),IFN-γ(2109) and IL-12B(-1188) genes and pulmonary TB Afraei Karahrudie Mona Farnia Parisa Sheikolslami Fatemeh Maryam Tabarsei Payam Kazempoor Mehdi Ramazanzadeh Rashid Masjedi Mohammad Reza Velayati Ali Akbar Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 53 59 13 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: A large number of factors are involved in the development of TB, but the most important one belongs to the host genetic factors. One of the genetic factors is cytokine gene polymorphisms. The results of recent studies indicate that IL-12 and IFN-γ play a central role in regulating the type and level of immune response in mycobacterial infections. Mutations in these genes may be associated with susceptibility to pulmonary TB. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequencies of IFN- γ (2109), IFN-γ R1 (-611) and IL-12B (-1188) genes polymorphisms and their relationships with susceptibility to pulmonary TB in Iranian population. Material and Methods: This was a case-control study. Thirty TB patients with positive smears hospitalized in TB departments of Masih Daneshvari Hospital and 30 healthy controls with no history of TB were selected for this study. Genotypes of IFN- γ (2109), IFN-γ R1 (-611) and IL-12B (-1188) genes were determined by using PCR-RFLP method. The PCR-products were analyzed by use of restriction enzymes. The data were analyzed by means of SPSS and Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium. Results: Considering IFN-γ R1 (-611) and IL-12B (-1188) genes there was a significant difference between the control and study groups (P < 0.05), but in regard to IFN- γ (2109), this difference was not detected between the two groups. Conclusion: Mutation in the regions of -611 of IFN-γ R1 and -1188 of IL-12B genes may increase the host susceptibility to mycobacterium tuberculosis and genotyping of these regions can be used for screening of the high risk individuals. Key words: Polymorphism, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, IL-12B, IFN-γ, IFN-γ. Received: Sep 3, 2011 Accepted: Feb 8, 2012 740 General Emotional intelligence and its correlation with some demographic variables in the clinical nurses working in Kurdistan University Hospitals in 2010 Hatam Gooya Haleh Zohari Anbohi Sima Moghadam Marzieh Alavi Majd Hamid Tayebi arasteh Mehdi Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 60 70 13 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Nurses must be able to recognize and manage emotions and feelings of themselves and clients also, they must have good empathic and communication skills. These capabilities are part of the constituent elements of emotional intelligence. The aim of this study was to determine the level of emotional intelligence, its components and its correlation with some demographic variables in nurses working in the hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2010. Material and Methods: This descriptive study included 344 nurses. Bar-On questionnaire was used to collect required information. Data were analyzed by use of SPSS-18 software. Results: 86.6% of the subjects were female and 13.4% were male. The majority of nurses (77.8%) had a good level of emotional intelligence. Of the five components of emotional intelligence, interpersonal component with a mean value and SD of 77.2% ± 12.5% had the highest score. Among the 15 factors related to emotional intelligence, social responsibility, empathy and interpersonal skills with mean values and SD score of 82.16%±14.14, 76.84%±13.74%, and 73.59%±15.64% had the highest score, respectively. Emotional intelligence had no correlation with demographic variables of gender, work background, marital status, university and university degree. Conclusion: The nurses had a good level of emotional intelligence in regard to empathy, social responsibility and interpersonal relationships, but improvement of other skills such as problem solving, control of impulsivity and toleration of psychological pressure are also important because of their importance in nursing care. Key words: Emotional intelligence, Components of emotional intelligence, Factors of emotional intelligence, Clinical nurse Received: Jul 5, 2011 Accepted: Feb 6, 2012 741 General Estimation of the costs of MRI 3 Tesla and MRI 1.5 Tesla in Iran, for the purpose of comparison Sari Ali Akbar Nejat Saharnaz Ghalichi laila Mobinizadeh Mohammad Reza Khabiri Roghieh Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Deputy of curative affairs, MOHME Tehran University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 71 81 14 04 2012 ABSTRACT: Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the costs of MRI3Tesla and MRI1/5 Tesla in Iran in order to offer recommendations to the health system policymakers and hospital administrators in regard to the use of MRI 3 Tesla and its costs in Iran. Material and Methods: This was an economic evaluation study which was performed by reviewing articles and economic modeling. Data were obtained from internet and the main suppliers of this technology and their representatives in Iran and also hospitals using these technologies. We divided the costs into three categories: capital costs including buildings and machinery depreciation, staff costs and other costs (costs of consumable materials, running costs and maintenance). Results: For 1500 tests per year, the unit cost was estimated at 4,500,000 Rials per test for MRI 3 Tesla and 3,500,000 Rials for 1.5 Tesla. If the number of tests per year was 3000, the unit cost would be 2,400,000 Rials for 3 Tesla and1,900,000 Rials for 1.5 Tesla. For 6000 tests per year, the unit cost would be was 1,350,000 Rials for 3 Tesla and 1,050,000 Rials for 1.5 Tesla. For 12,000 tests per year, the unit cost would be 710,000 Rials for 3 Tesla and 560,000 Rials for 1.5 Tesla. For 24000 tests per year, the unit cost would be 373000 Rials and 300,000 Rials for 3 Tesla and 1.5 Tesla respectively. Conclusion: For 1500 to 24000 tests per year the cost of each test with MRI 3 Tesla system in Iran, will vary between 373000 to 4527000 Rials. It is recommended that this technology be used in the centers with sufficient number of patients otherwise it may give rise to extra costs. Keywords: MRI, 3 Tesla, Imaging modality, cost Received: June 5, 2011 Accepted: Feb 24, 2012 742 General The review of pesticide hazards with emphasis on insecticide resistance in arthropods of health risk importance Dehghani Rohollah Limoee Mojtaba Zarghi Iran Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 82 98 14 04 2012 ABSTRACT: Background and Aim: Considering the importance of environmental health and the role of pesticides as the major method in controlling hygienic pests and their hazards for environment and human health as well as development of insecticide resistance in arthropods, we reviewed the hazards of chemical methods in pest control and compared them with those of other methods in regard to insecticide resistance. The aim of this study was to sort and investigate the hazards of chemical compounds used for pest control. Material and methods: This was a review article. Using keywords such as: ecotoxicology, insecticide resistance, pesticide residue environment and hazardous material environment, we searched Databases of Ovid, Pub Med, Web of Science, Medline, EBM Cochrane Database of Systematic Review and SID to find articles in the journals of our country and international journals. We found 552 articles and reviewed their titles and abstracts. Some of the articles were not related to our study and were excluded and our conclusion and analysis were based on the selected eligible articles. Results: The most important findings of this study were classification of adverse effects of pesticides on environment and development of resistance to these compounds and mechanisms of resistance in different arthropods. Resistance can lead to use of increased doses of pesticides which in turn, can result in more environmental pollution. The adverse effects of application of pesticides on environment are very serious. These adverse effects include insecticide resistance which may result in, control failure over hygienic pests and vectors of human diseases. Conclusion: Environmental control methods by using environmental sanitary measures can destroy the breeding places of arthropods and decrease their population. Use of environmental control methods, instead of application of pesticides, can keep the environment safe and healthy and result in the improvement of the health of the human communities which is one of the main aims of the health organizations. Keywords: Insecticide resistance, Hygienic pest, Environmental control. Received: Feb 6, 2011 Accepted: Feb 24, 2012 743 General Assessment of the factors influencing the nurses’ intention to leave their job Ahmadi Seyed Ali Akbar Mobaraki Hosein AskariNejad Monireh Payame Noor University, Tehran Branch Tehran University of Medical Sciences Payame Noor University, Tehran Branch 1 4 2012 17 1 99 108 14 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Financial and human costs for the nurse’s turnover are high in the world. Prediction of this turnover is essential to reduce unnecessary costs in the health organizations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of individual and organizational factors with job satisfaction and the nurses’ intention to leave their job. Material and Method: This study was a descriptive–correlative study which included 89 female nurses. Using Lisrel 8.5 software, the data were analyzed by means of structural transactions model and path analyzing. Results: The results of this study showed the following significant relationships: age with colleagues’ support (0.32), marriage with colleagues’ support (-0.38), work background with intention to leave (-0.37), colleagues’ support with head nurses’ support (0.35), head nurses’ support with job satisfaction (0.31) and job satisfaction with intention to leave (-0.52). Conclusion: Individual and organizational factors can influence the intention of nurses to leave their job. Considering the differences between the individuals, it seems that managers of the hospitals can have positive influence on job satisfaction and decrease in intention to leave their job by proposing suitable work shifts and work teams. Key words: Nurse, Social support, Job satisfaction, Intention to leave Received: Sep 4, 2011 Accepted: Feb 24, 2012 744 General Report of a rare manifestation of cerebral venous thrombosis Razazian Nazanin Tahmasebi Saedeh Afshari Dariush Gharebaghian Hadi Hamedani Masoud Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences 1 4 2012 17 1 109 114 14 04 2012 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Straight sinus thrombosis can lead to bilateral thalamus infarct, and if it is not diagnosed on time, death of the patient will ensue. Bilateral thalamus infarct usually presents by loss of consciousness, memory disorders, vertical gaze palsy and psychological disturbances. Case report: Our patient was a 28-year old female who had history of fasting for 2 months and prolonged use of contraceptive pills, who referred to emergency department with loss of consciousness, weakness, and a history of severe headache, nausea, vomiting and hypophonic speech from 4 days ago. 10 hours prior to admission she developed disturbances of consciousness. Non contrast computed tomography scan of brain revealed a hyper dense area within the straight sinus and a hyper dense area in the body and posterior horn of right lateral ventricle which was indicative of hemorrhage. MRI and MRV revealed extensive thrombosis in the straight sinus which had led to acute bilateral ischemia in thalami. Anticoagulants, acetazolemide and phenytoin started for the patient for 5 weeks. When she regained her consciousness completely and there was no lateralizing sign, she was discharged from the hospital. Conclusion: Cerebral venous thrombosis can present with protean clinical manifestations in different age groups which may lead to misdiagnosis. Considering history, thinking of this diagnosis and availability of appropriate Para clinical facilities can decrease diagnostic errors. Key words: Straight sinus, Thrombosis, Thalamic infarction. Received: Oct 16, 2011 Accepted: Feb 19, 2012