54 1560-652X Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 312 General A comparison of serum CRP levels measured by a highly sensitive method in healthy subjects and asthmatic patients Sigari Naseh Mohammadi Shilan Afkhamzadeh Abdolrahim 1 6 2010 15 1 1 5 04 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: C- reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein which is a marker of inflammation. Recently it has been shown that the increased level of CRP is associated with increased risk of MI, IHD, DM and hypertension. There are plenty of published articles in regard to the role of CRP in the pathogenesis of COPD. Also a potential role for CRP in the pathogenesis of asthma has been proposed. The local inflammation is an established pathology in the asthma however, little is known about role of systemic inflammation. We compared serum levels of highly sensitive CRP between steroid inhaling asthmatic patients and non asthmatic healthy controls. Material and Methods: This case-control study, based on standard criteria, included fifty known cases of asthmatic patients who met the inclusion criteria and fifty non asthmatic subjects. Serum levels of CRP were measured and compared with each other in both groups by ELISA method. All asthmatics were at the same stage of treatment. Results: The mean age of the asthmatic patients was 46.9±9.8 years and that of control group was 44±14.35 years. Durations of pulmonary symptoms were 13years in 20% of the patients. HS-CRP levels were significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in control patients (34.79 mg/dl versus 12.8 mg/dl respectively) (P=0.001). HS-CRP levels had no significant relation with age, gender and duration of asthma. Conclusion: In asthma inflammation is not limited to airways and like COPD, evidence of systemic inflammation such as increased CRP can be detected. Key words: HS CRP, Asthma, serum levels Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Dec 21, 2009 Accepted: Apr 14, 2010
313 General Role of melatonin receptors in spatial learning of rats exposed to continuous light Salami Mahmood Talaei Zavareh Seyed Alireza 1 6 2010 15 1 6 18 04 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: During critical period of mammal's CNS development, interaction of genetic and experience driven processes affects almost their all behaviors in adolescence. The aim of this study was to assess interaction of melatonin and its antagonist, Luzindole on the spatial learning and memory of the rats [Morris Water Maze (MWM)] exposed to continuous light. Material and Methods: This experimental study included sixty 45-day-old male rats which were randomly allocated in two groups control group went through cycles of 12 hours in light/12 hours in dark from birth to the end of the study and the light exposed group was reared in light. Each group also, had 3 subgroups: control, receiving melatonin and receiving luzindole (n=10 for every group). Using MWM, the animals learning and memory was tested for 5 days. Results: Our results indicated that in the learning phase, the light exposed animals spent more time to find the hidden platform than the control group. Luzindole improved the learning ability in light exposed animals. Melatonin also, slackens the spatial learning of the control animals. luzindole improved spatial learning of the light exposed rats. Light exposure and melatonin had no effect on the memory of these animals. Luzindole only caused a disturbance in spatial memory of the rats in the control group. Conclusion: Light exposure and melatonin impair rat's spatial learning. Non of these two interventions influenced spatial learning of the rats. Key words: Light exposure, spatial learning, spatial memory, Melatonin, Luzindole, Rat Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Feb 9, 2010 Accepted: Jul 13, 2010 314 General Stages of change of inter-dental cleaning behavior based on trans-theoretical model among pre-university students in Yazd, Iran Taymoori Parvaneh Falhi Arezo Morovatti Sharifabad Mohammad Ali Haerian Ahmad 1 6 2010 15 1 19 27 04 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Orodental diseases have harmful outcomes in children and adults and encompass 5-10% of the total cost of health care. Trans-theoretical model predicts change and time of behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine stages of inter-dental cleaning behavior based on trans-theoretical model in male and female students in Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 361 pre-university students from 8 schools by cluster sampling method. Data were collected and recorded in a valid and reliable questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, self-efficacy questions, and decisional balance (perceived advantages and perceived obstacles) and stages of change in inter-dental cleaning behavior. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software. Results: 54.8% of the subjects were female and 45.2% male with a mean age of 17.35 ±.55 years. %50 of students (n=179) were in pre-contemplation, 5.3 % (n=19) in contemplation, 24.1% (n=87) in preparation, 8.6% (n=31) in action and 12.5% (n=5) in maintenance stages of inter-dental cleaning behavior. There was a positive significant relationship among stages of change with self-efficacy (r=0.33) and perceived benefits (r=0.19) also existed negative significant relation between stages of change and perceived barriers (r= -0.19). Constructs of the model were statically significant predictors of stages of change and accounted for 0.15% of the variation, so that self efficacy was the most important predictor (β=0.212). Conclusion: In this study, most students were in pre contemplation stage. They will be probably exposed to dental caries in the future. Trans-theoretical model can be used to determine strategies for every stage of change of teeth-mouth self-care behavior and also for educational interventions and programs. Key words: Trans-theoretical Model, Self-efficacy, Decisional balance, Oral self-care behavior Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Feb 10, 2010 Accepted: Apr 8, 2010 315 General Norovirus detection and genotyping in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran Romani Sara Mohebi Seyed Reza Hoseini Seyed Masoud Azimzadeh Pedram Majidizadeh Bozorgi Sajad Vhedi Mohsen Zail Mohammad Reza 1 6 2010 15 1 28 35 04 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Human Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the important causes of acute gastroenteritis. NoVs are highly infectious and also spread by person to person transmission through the fecal-oral route. NoVs can be classified into five major genogroups, of which genogroups I and II are recognized as the major cause of NoVs infections in human. There is not enough information about Norovirus gastroenteritis in adult patients in Tehran. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of diarrhea caused by NoVs infection in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis referring to Shohada Hospital in Tehran. Material and Methods: From May to February 2008 we collected 67 stool samples from the patients older than 18 years of age with acute gastroenteritis. RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed using specific primers which could distinguish between genogroups I and II of NoVs. Results: Three stool samples (4.5%) were positive for NoVs RNA. All of three positive samples obtained in autumn belonged to genogroup I. The mean age of NoVs infected patients was 32+8.7 years. Conclusion: The results of our study revealed the role of NoVs as a cause of gastroenteritis in adult patients. It's also demonstrated that genogroup I of Norovirus is the most prevalent genogroup in adults with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran. Key words: Noroviruses, Gastroenteritis, Tehran Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Feb 22, 2010 Accepted: Jul 8, 2010 316 General Comparison of dietary and physical activity patterns among obese children and adolescents with or without metabolic syndrome Kelishadi Roya Hashemipour Mahin Ziaei Mojhdeh Samani Shohreh Ghatreh Poursafa Parinaz Khavarian Nooshin 1 6 2010 15 1 36 45 04 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Considering the appearance of chronic diseases in adulthood and the emergence of their underlying causes such as metabolic syndrome since early years of life, recognition of effective factors and taking interventional measures will lead to a more short term and long term beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to compare the dietary and physical activity patterns among obese children and adolescents with or without metabolic syndrome. Material and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2007 in Isfahan. 825 overweight or obese children & adolescents (body mass index equal to or greater than 85th percentile) aged between 6-17 years were assigned into two groups: with or without metabolic syndrome and the dietary and physical activity patterns of the groups were compared with each other. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by means of Chi-Square, regression and t-tests. Results: Comparison of the mean frequency of food consumption and physical activities in both groups indicated that increased consumption of meat, egg, dairy products, nuts, vegetables and fruits had a significant relationship with decreased incidence of metabolic syndrome. The physical activity level of those with metabolic syndrome was lower than that of those without this syndrome. However this difference was not significant. Conclusion: Considering the increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents, and its relation with the dietary habits and physical activity established from early life, it is necessary to pay more attention to the lifestyle of children and adolescents in order to prevent emergence of chronic diseases in the future. Key words: Obesity, children, metabolic syndrome, diet, physical activity. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Jan 23, 2010 Accepted: Jun 9, 2010 317 General Assessment of the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Child and Parental views Alavi Azam Parvin Neda Salehian Tahmineh Samipoor Vahid 1 6 2010 15 1 46 52 04 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Improvement of the quality of life (Qol) in addition to controlling symptoms of the disease in children and adolescents with chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus is important. Problems such as diabetes are not only recognized by the physician and nurses but also by the patients. The impact of the diabetes and its complications on Qol is still unknown. The number of studies on Qol of diabetic patients is limited. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative assessment of the views of children and adolescents with type I diabetes on the Qol. Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study the views of the children and adolescents with type I diabetes, and the views of their parents were assessed. A questionnaire on pediatric quality of life including children's and parents' views was used to collect data in four sections of physical (8 items), emotional (5items), social (5 items), and school performance (5items). Data were analyzed by inferential statistics, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test and spearman correlation. Results: The results of this study showed no significant difference between the mean scores of Qol of diabetic children and control group, but there was a significant difference between two groups in physical aspect of Qol in diabetic children and control subjects. Parents' views showed that parents of children with diabetes were more worried than those of controls. There was a significant difference between scores of total quality of life in its physical, emotional and social aspects between parents of the diabetic children and parents of the control group (p=0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that views of the children and adolescents with type I diabetes were different from those of control group in regard to physical aspect. Also the views of parents of children and adolescents with type I diabetes were different from those of control group concerning quality of life in particular, emotional and physical aspects. Therefore we recommend in addition to providing medical care, programs for improvement of the level of mental health of these patients and their families be designed. Key words: Quality of life, Diabetic, Children, Adolescents, Parents. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Nov 14, 2009 Accepted: May 15, 2010 318 General Comparison of Atorvastatin with placebo in the treatment of paederus dermatitis Nicookar Seyed Hasan Mousa Kazemi Seyed Hasan Haj Haydari Zohreh Davari Behrooz 1 6 2010 15 1 53 62 05 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Paederus dermatitis is a blistering disorder of skin caused by a small insect called paederus transmitted by displaced beetles of order Coleoptera. There are limited studies on classical treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to compare therapeutic effects of atorvastatin with placebo in the treatment of paederus dermatitis. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized double-blind clinical trial and was carried out in the hospital and clinics of Sari and Neka cities for 6 months. Experimental group (15 patients) received atorvasatin and control group (15 patients) received placebo. All the patients were examined at the first, seventh and fourteenth days after treatment. Data were recorded in a questionnaire for every patient. Complete recovery and failure of treatment were compared in both groups. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by means of X2 test. Results: A total of 15 patients were treated, 10 patients from Sari and 5 from Neka cities. Most of the patients were between 26-45 years of age. Most of patients were married all of them educated, and were civil servants or had private jobs. Full recovery rate of the patients was 93.33% in the second visit (seventh day). The rest of the patients recovered in the third visit (fourteenth day). 30.43 % of the patients had lesions on the neck, and size of the lesions was between 6-10 cm2 in 42.85% of cases. There was a significant difference in recovery rate between experimental and placebo groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, all patients were recovered completely within 14 days, whereas only 13.3 percent were recovered in control group. Key words: Dermatitis, Paederus, Treatment, Atorvastatin Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: May 9, 2010 Accepted: Jun 23, 2010 319 General Prediction of likelihood of ground falling in hospitalized old patients in Isfahan by using Morse Fall Scale Salarvand Shahin Meraci Mohammad Reza Ghaedi Fatemeh Zamani Maryam 1 6 2010 15 1 63 71 05 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: High incidence of ground falling in hospitalized old patients is an important cause for concern in every treatment system. A very common fall assessment tool is Morse Falls Scale. This study was designed to determine the probability of falling in hospitalized old patients in Isfahan, 2009. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive analytic study. Sample size included 400 subjects who were selected by Quata sampling method. We used a questionnaire consisted of two parts, the first part comprised demographic characteristics, number of drugs, diagnosis, name of the hospital and ward, and the second part included Morse Fall Scale. The questionnaire was completed for every subject by trained interrogators. Data was analyzed by means of Chi-square test. Results: This study showed that risk of ground falling had a relation with mean age, history of falling within the last three months, kind of ambulatory aids, having IV/Heparin Lock, estate of walking, mental status, drug consumption of 3 or more drugs, suffering from cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases. In general, risk of ground falling threats 50% of hospitalized old patients. Conclusion: Ground falling is an important threat for hospitalized old patients and is an important problem for care health services. Nurses can recognize patients at risk of falling. Fulfillment of preventive programs can decrease rate of ground falling in hospitalized old patients. Key words: Old Patients, Hospital, Ground Falling. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Jan 23, 2010 Accepted: May 3, 2010 320 General Toxoplasmosis infection in the pregnant women in the first half of pregnancy, in Kamyaran in 2008 Parvizpour Farzad Hajighasemlo Sayeh Hasani Sabah Olfati Leila Bahmani Afshin Hoseini Farahnaz Gharibi Fardin 1 6 2010 15 1 72 78 05 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii which is an obligate intracellular parasite. Toxoplasmosis in the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to dangerous fetal complications. After diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, proper treatment or curettage of the fetus should be attempted in order to prevent long term disabilities in the newborn. The aim of this study was to determine IgM and IgG anti toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women in the first trimester. Material and Methods: This was a discriptive analytic study. 201 blood samples were obtained from pregnant women in the first trimester. Anti toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by ELISA method and data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. Results: In this study, 24 subjects (12%) were IgM positive, 54 (27%) IgG positive and 33 (16.5%) were positive for both IgM and IgG antibodies. In general 55% of pregnant women were seropositive for IgM, IgG or both. The results of this study showed a significant relation between education level and serum levels of anti toxopalsma antibodies (P≤0.05), but no significant relationship was found between: occupation, contact with cats or other pets, consumption of unwashed fruits and vegetables, raw or underdone meat and raw milk with presence of toxoplasmosis. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of serum anti toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women in the first trimester, screening of the pregnant women in the first trimester is necessary to prevent fetal complications or to take therapeutic measures for the affected newborns. Key words: Toxoplasmosis, Antibody, IgM, IgG, Pregnant women Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Dec 30, 2009 Accepted: May 20, 2010 321 General Suicide attempt and related factors in Kurdistan province Shams Alizadeh Narges Afkhamzadeh Abdolrahim Mohsenpour Bezad Salehian Bayan 1 6 2010 15 1 79 86 05 09 2010 ABSTRACT Background and Aim: Suicide is one of the most important community health problems which is related to many different factors in different communities. Methods and Materials: This was a case-control study and patients with suicide attempt admitted in Sanandaj hospitals were regarded as the case group. Control group was selected and matched for age. Data were introduced into SSPS 12.0 software and were analyzed by means of x2 test. Results: Suicide attempt was more frequent in females (71.1%), in those with age of 20-24 years (31.1%) and in those with high school education (56.1%). There was a significant relationship between number of family members and life events with suicide attempt (P=0.01, P<0.05 respectively). No significant relationship was found between suicide attempt and marital status. The most common ways for suicide attempt were by using drugs and poisons. 6.7% of patients attempted suicide by self-burning. Self-burning was more frequent in married women and had 100% mortality. Conclusion: High frequency of suicide attempts in young women calls for attention to mental health in this group. Preventing suicide attempts by self-burning, particularly in married women indicates the importance of public education as well as reassessing marital condition, and family life training and education about handling interpersonal problems within families. Key words: suicide, self-burning, kurdistan. Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: March 9, 2010 Accepted: Jul 8, 2010 322 General Corneal Neovascularization: Review Article Mansouri Kamran Mostafaie Ali Mohammadi-Motlagh Hamid Reza Shakiba Yadollah 1 6 2010 15 1 87 95 05 09 2010 ABSTRACT Corneal neovascularization occurs through inordinate wound healing after infection, injury or surgery. Neovascularization is formation of new vascular structures in the locations which had not already vessels. The two overlapping mechanisms including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are probably involved in neovascularization process, and the last mechanism is more involved in tumor growth and corneal and retinal disorders. In fact, corneal neovascularization is a visual threatening status that usually occurs along with inflammatory or infectious disorders of the eye surface. The studies of angiogenesis-related cancer showed that there is a balance between angiogenic factors (such as VEGF and FGF) and antiangiogenic molecules (such as angiostatin, endostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor EPDF) in cornea. Problems such as inflammation, infection, injury and lesions result in corneal neovascularization, which are due to stimulation of angiogenesis in this tissue. Corneal neovascularization may be influenced by matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and other proteolytic enzymes. The application of new medical and surgical therapies such as angiostatic steroids, non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, argon laser photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in animal models had been efficient to some extent for inhibition of corneal neovascularization. In this study we reviewed neovascularization-dependent corneal disorders and molecular processes involved in this disorder, and also their potential therapies. Key words: Corneal Neovascularization, Angiogenesis, Inflammation, Matrix Metalloproteinase Conflict of Interest: Nill Received: Dec 7, 2009 Accepted: March 5, 2010