fa تحلیل مکانی مواد معدنی در آب آشامیدنی شبکه توزیع روستاهای استان کردستان با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی مهندسی بهداشت محیط Environmental Health Engineering پژوهشي اصیل Original Research <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">زمینه و هدف:</span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black"> امروزه آلودگی &shy;های زیست محیطی از جمله آلودگی آب به یک موضوع جهانی تبدیل شده است و زندگی بشر وابسته به مصرف آب آشامیدنی سالم است. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل مکانی مواد معدنی و فلزات سنگین در آب آشامیدنی شبکه توزیع روستاهای</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">استان کردستان</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">انجام</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">شد</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">مواد و روش &shy;ها:</span></span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">مطالعه حاضر، یک مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی است که غلظت یون&shy; های نیترات، نیتریت، کل جامدات محلول، فلوراید، آرسنیک، سرب و کادمیوم در آب آشامیدنی کلیه</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">روستاهای دارای شبکه توزیع (1524 روستا) استان کردستان طی سال&shy; های 1394 الی 1397 را تجزیه و تحلیل نموده است. برای توصیف غلظت مواد شیمیایی مورد بررسی، نقشه&shy; های توزیع مکانی با استفاده از نرم افزار </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Arc GIS</span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black"> نسخه 10/3 ترسیم گردید. سایر آنالیزهای آماری از جمله بررسی اختلاف میانگین غلظت نیترات، نیتریت و کل جامدات محلول در بین شهرستان &shy;های مورد بررسی با استفاده از آزمون آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه در نرم افزار </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">SPSS</span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">نسخه </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">22 انجام شد.</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span bnazanin="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">یافته&shy; ها:</span></span></span></b> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">طبق نتایج این مطالعه </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">آب لوله‌کشی 1485 (97/44%) روستای استان کردستان دارای نیترات بود و میزان این یون در آب شرب 31 (2/03</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">%) روستا بیش از حداکثر مجاز استاندارد ملی و سازمان بهداشت جهانی بود. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar="">میانگین غلظت کل جامدات محلول در شهرستان بیجار از بقیه شهرستان&shy; ها به صورت معنی&shy;داری بالاتر بود (0/001</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:BZar"><</span></span> <span dir="LTR" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">P</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar="">). <span style="color:black">میانگین غلظت فلوراید در آب آشامیدنی شبکه توزیع روستاهای استان کردستان 0/25</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:BZar"><span style="color:black">&plusmn;</span></span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;0/19میلی‌گرم بر لیتر بود که از مقدار تعیین شده در استاندارد ملی ایران (1/5&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&ndash;</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;0/5 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) کمتر است. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar="">غلظت آرسنیک در آب لوله &shy;کشی 47 روستا به ترتیب از توابع شهرستان&shy;های بیجار (23 روستا)، قروه (11 روستا)، سقز (7 روستا)، دهگلان (5 روستا) و کامیاران (1 روستا) بیش از حداکثر مجاز بود. </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:BZar"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">نتیجه‌گیری:</span></span></span></b> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">تداوم</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">روند</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کنونی به</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">ویژه</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">در</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">بخش</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">فعالیت&shy; های</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کشاورزی</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">و</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">استفاده</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کنترل</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">نشده</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">از</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">منابع</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">آب</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">زیرزمینی</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">در</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">امر</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کشاورزی</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">سبب</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">تغییر</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">و</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کاهش</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کیفیت آب</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">خواهد</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">شد؛</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">لذا</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">نظارت</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">بر</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">فعالیت &shy;های</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کشاورزی</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">و</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">مصرف</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">کود،</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">ضروری</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">به</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">نظر</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black">می&shy;رسد</span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:BZar"><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" style="font-family:" zar=""><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Background and Aim:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Today, environmental pollution, including water pollution, has become a global issue, and human life is dependent on the safe drinking water. This study aimed at spatial analysis of minerals and heavy metals in drinking water distribution network in Kurdistan Province&rsquo;s villages.</span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> In this descriptive-analytical study we assessed the concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, total soluble solids, fluoride, arsenic, lead, and cadmium in drinking water of all villages connected to water distribution network (1524 villages) in Kurdistan Province from </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">2015</span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> to 2017. To describe the concentrations of the studied chemicals, spatial distribution maps were plotted using Arc GIS V. 10.3 software. Other statistical analyses including the analysis of the mean difference of the concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and total soluble solids in the studied cities were performed by one-way analysis of variance using SPSS V. 22 software.</span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Results:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> According to the results of this study, tap water in 1485 villages of Kurdistan Province (97.44%) contained nitrate and the amount of this ion in the drinking water of 31 villages (2.03%) was above the national and WHO standards. The mean concentration of total soluble solids in Bijar City was significantly higher than that in other cities (P <0.001). The mean concentration of fluoride in the drinking water of rural areas of Kurdistan province was 0.19 &plusmn; 0.25 mg/l, which was lower than the value determined by national standard of Iran (0.5-1.5 mg/l). The concentrations of arsenic in the tap water of 47 villages of Bijar (23 villages), Qorveh (11 villages), Saqez (7 villages), Dehgolan (5 villages), and Kamyaran (1 village), respectively, were higher than the maximum permitted value.</span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Conclusion:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Continuation of the current trend, especially in agricultural sector and uncontrolled use of groundwater resources in agriculture, will lead to decreased water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor agricultural activities and use of fertilizers.</span></span></span></span> نیترات, فلزات سنگین, کل جامدات محلول, آب آشامیدنی, کردستان Nitrate, Heavy metals, Total soluble solids, Drinking water, Kurdistan 139 159 http://sjku.muk.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-5201-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Jamaladin Ebrahimi جمال الدین ابراهیمی leila.e980@gmail.com 5400319475328460058073 5400319475328460058073 No Vice Chancellor for Educational Affairs, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران Khaled Rahmani خالد رحمانی khaledrahmani111@yahoo.com 5400319475328460058074 5400319475328460058074 No Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran مرکز تحقیقات گوارش و کبد، پژوهشکده توسعه سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران Seddiqeh Heydari صدیقه حیدری leila.e980@gmail.com 5400319475328460058075 5400319475328460058075 No Water resource management, Regional Water Company of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran شرکت آب منطقه ای کردستان، سنندج، ایران Siavash Gavili سیاوش گویلی leila.e980@gmail.com 5400319475328460058076 5400319475328460058076 No Regional Water Company of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran شرکت آب منطقه ای کردستان، سنندج، ایران Farzam Bidarpur فرزام بیدارپور leila.e980@gmail.com 5400319475328460058077 5400319475328460058077 No Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran معاونت امور بهداشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران Leila Ebrahimzadeh لیلا ابراهیم زاده leila.e980@gmail.com 5400319475328460058078 5400319475328460058078 Yes Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. معاونت تحقیقات و فناوری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران Shahram Sadeghi شهرام صادقی shahram.snna@yahoo.com 5400319475328460058079 5400319475328460058079 No Spiritual Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. مرکز تحقیقات سلامت معنوی، پژوهشکده توسعه سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران